Previous volume history of the lung and regional distribution of gas.

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 566-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
P W Sutherland ◽  
T Katsura ◽  
J Milic-Emili
1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-299
Author(s):  
H. W. Greville ◽  
L. J. Slykerman ◽  
P. A. Easton ◽  
N. R. Anthonisen

We studied the effect of volume history on airway closure in six healthy males ranging from 32 to 67 yr of age. The method used was to compare the regional distribution of 133Xe boluses distributed according to N2O uptake during open-glottis breath-hold maneuvers with the regional distribution of boluses of intravenously injected 133Xe. Measurements were made at two lung volumes, one close to residual volume (RV) and the other just below closing volume. The required volume was reached either by expiring from total lung capacity or by inspiring from RV. Although there was considerable airway closure in the basal regions of the lungs at both lung volumes studied, the degree of airway closure was not dependent on the previous volume history. We conclude that the airways concerned with closure have a volume-pressure hysteresis similar to that of the lung parenchyma. Furthermore in normal humans the volume-pressure hysteresis of the lung is not secondary to airway closure.


Geografie ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-207
Author(s):  
Zdeněk R. Nešpor

The article introduces the field of necrogeography to Czech social geography and provides information on existing (nationwide) data sources. The author takes the issue of Protestant confessional cemeteries as an example, briefly outlines the history of these special types of burial fields (established principally from the end of the 18th century until approximately the mid-20th century), and provides a historical geographical analysis of their regional distribution in the Czech Lands. The article proves the impact of religious and geographical factors on the emergence (and eventual demise) of non-Catholic Christian confessional cemeteries and, at the same time, the research unveiled a number of important research questions to be addressed by Czech necrogeography in the future.


2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 73-78
Author(s):  
Rebecca Robinson

The author—a young California writer—reflects on historian Kevin Starr’s multi-volume history of California and the California dream. While the California dream is tarnished and its survival is questioned in the final volume of Starr’s opus, Robinson suggests that the future of the dream may yet be redeemed by pragmatic young Californians under no illusions about its limits.


2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 444-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Laus ◽  
A.R. Attili ◽  
M. Cerquetella ◽  
A. Spaterna ◽  
B. Tesei ◽  
...  

Sixty-two Standardbred horses housed at the same racetrack, with history of reduced exercise tolerance, cough lasting for at least two weeks and/or prolonged recovery time were clinically examined. An endoscopic examination of the nasopharynx, larynx and trachea to the level of the carina was performed, amount of mucus in trachea was registered and samples of tracheal wash for cytological and microbiological examinations was collected. A strong statistical association between amount of mucus in trachea and neutrophils percentage in tracheal wash was found. Bacteria isolated included <i>Streptococcus equi</i> subsp. <i>zooepidemicus</i> (14 horses), <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (four horses), <i>S. mutans</i> (four horses), <i>S. equinus</i> (four horses) and <i>Burkholderia cepacia</i> (10 horses). <i>S. zooepidemicus</i> and <i>S. pneumoniae</i> were associated with elevated amount of mucus and increased neutrophilic percentage. <i>B. cepacia</i> was associated with cytological evidence of haemosiderophages but its role in racehorses needs further investigations. <i>Mycoplasma</i> spp. and <i>Pasteurella</i> spp. have not been isolated, suggesting that, as for the other putative causes of inflammatory airway diseases, infection could have a regional distribution among horse populations. This study shows that various types of airway inflammations exist in the examined population and that <i>S. zooepidemicus</i> and <i>S. pneumoniae</i> could play an important role in etiopathogenesis of airway inflammation in some horses. Particulate matter, pro-inflammatory agents or noxious gases present in the stables or on the track matter, could be the cause of inflammation in non infected horses.


1996 ◽  
Vol 30 (118) ◽  
pp. 233-241
Author(s):  
James Murray

Robert Dudley Edwards’s Church and state in Tudor Ireland is an extremely durable, almost monolithic, work. Despite recent judgements that it is shot through with the confessional bias of its author, it has managed to retain an eminent place in the Irish historical canon since its publication in 1935. Two plausible reasons for this durability are readily identifiable. The first concerns Dudley Edwards’s role as a ‘founding father’ of ‘scientific’ historical scholarship in Ireland. In this context, Church and state stands out as an archetypal publication of the ‘new history’ and, for the author’s increasingly self-conscious successors, an important reference point in any endeavour to analyse or explain their profession and its work. The second reason concerns the book’s recurrent utility. Despite its age, Church and state is still the most reliable single-volume history of sixteenth-century Ireland’s Reformation experience, a volume which provides informative and citable material for present-day students and researchers alike.


1961 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1064
Author(s):  
D. E. Fehrenbacher ◽  
Reinhard H. Luthin

1972 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 583-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. B. Hughes ◽  
B. J. B. Grant ◽  
R. E. Greene ◽  
L. D. Iliff ◽  
J. Milic-Emili

1. Seated subjects stopped ventilation briefly at end expiration while a 5 ml bolus of 133Xe was injected close to the mouth. They then inspired air at different flow rates and the distribution of radioactivity in the lungs was measured with a scanning technique during a period of breath-holding at maximal inspiration. 2. In five normal subjects the dependent zones received a greater fraction of the 133Xe bolus than the apex during slow inspirations, but apical distribution exceeded basal for fast inspirations. The volume history of the lungs before the bolus injection had no effect on the slow/fast difference in four out of five subjects. 3. In five patients with clinical bronchitis but normal forced expired volume, dependent zone ventilation was much reduced on a slow inspiration compared with normals, but at fast flow rates the distribution was normal. 4. Insofar as the bolus in the fast inspiration was distributed according to regional airway conductances, these results suggest that in normal subjects differences in airway resistance exist between the upper and lower zones of the upright lung. An early abnormality in bronchitis appears to be a reduction of compliance in the dependent zones, as judged from the decrease in basal ventilation on a slow inspiration.


2015 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 37-55
Author(s):  
Anna Stafecka

Atlas of the Baltic languages: from idea to pilot projectDialectologists from Latvian Language Institute of the University of Latvia and the Department of Language History and Dialectology of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, have developed a proposal for a joint project entitled, The Atlas of the Baltic Languages, which is intended to demonstrate the close kinship of these two Baltic languages. A pilot project, supported by a grant from the University of Latvia and Directorate for the Millenium of Lithuania has been carried out between 2006 and 2008 to determine what the form and eventual content of such an atlas might be.In 2009 a summary of work carried out on the pilot project on Atlas of the Baltic Languages, Prospect has been published which includes 12 geolinguistic maps, with commentary in Latvian, Lithuanian and English. The publication also contains in the introduction homage paid to the living and extinct Baltic languages, as well as an overview of the history of the study of dialects in both countries and the characteristics and regional distribution of the dialects of Latvian and Lithuanian. The publication also describes the principles followed in creating these geolinguistic maps and associated commentary.This article describes recent progress made in research on the regional distribution of dialects of both Baltic languages. For more than a century research on the dialects of the Latvian and Lithuanian languages has taken place in parallel, separately gathering data on the various dialects of each respective language. It is, therefore, necessary first to examine, briefly, the histories of the respective geolinguistic research endeavours.The first records of differences between the territorial extents and diversity of Latvian and Lithuanian are to be found in surviving grammars and dictionaries of these languages compiled in the 17th century.The first map showing the geographical reach of the Lithuanian language is to be found in the grammar compiled in 1876 by Friedrich Kurschat. The first geolinguistic map of the Latvian language was published in 1892 by August Bielenstein.The systematic efforts at gathering Latvian and Lithuanian non-material cultural assets date from the second half of the 19th century. A new chapter in the study of Lithuanian and Latvian dialects began in the 1950s after a decision was taken to produce atlases of the two languages. At the end of the 20th century the atlases of the Lithuanian and Latvian language were published. This was the main basis for joint project – The Atlas of the Baltic LanguagesThe maps created in the framework of the pilot project, The Atlas of the Baltic Languages, show the principal grouping of most terms used by the speakers of these two living Baltic languages. An in-depth geolinguistic study of the Latvian and Lithuanian languages could produce important findings in the field of the history of the Baltic peoples.  Атлас балтийских языков: проект разработкиВ 2009 году был издан сигнальный проект Baltu valodu atlants (Атлас балтийских языков), в котором кроме 12 геолингвистических карт с комментариями на латышском, литовском и аглийском языках, дана обширная вступительная часть, посвященная живым и мертвым балтийским языкам, краткая история диалектологических исследований обеих стран, характеристика и распространение диалектов латышского и литовского языков, а также принцип составления карт и комментариев. В основу Атласа балтийских языков легли предыдущие геолингвистические исследования и собранные по вопроснику диалектные материалы обоих балтийских языков.В течение более столетия исследования диалектов литовского и латышского языков развивались параллельно. Языковые в диалектные данные были собраны и обработаны в отдельности для каждого языка. Необходимо затем проследить историю геолингвистических исследований диалектов обоих языков.Первые сведения о территориальных различиях латышского и литовского языков были отнесены уже в грамматиках и словарях XVII века.Первую карту распространения литовского языка предложил Фридрих Куршат (Friedrich Kurschat) в изданной в 1876 году грамматике литовского языка.В 1892 году была издана первая геолингвистическиая карта латышского языка, ее автором был священник немецкой национальности Август Биленштайн (August Bielenstein).Во второй половине XIX века в Европе собирались этнографические материалы и исследовались местные языковые особенности. В это же время появляются первые программы собирания латышской и литовской нематериальной культуры. Новый период в исследовании латышских и литовских диалектов начался в 50-ые годы XX века, когда было решено издать атласы литовского и латышского языков. В основу Атласа балтийских языков легли изданные в конце XX века диалектологические атласы литовского и латышского языков, составленные в нем карты показывают их общие лексические ареалы.


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