Nonrebreathing valve for respiratory measurements in unsedated small mammals

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Mauderly ◽  
J. E. Tesarek
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Surgical Glove ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Ventilatory Equivalent ◽  
Small Mammal Species

A nonrebreathing valve for measuring the respiratory volumes and gas exchange of unsedated, trained small mammals is described. The valve was easily fabricated from Plexiglas and latex flaps cut from a surgical glove. It has a low dead space and airflow restance and can be scaled to fit a variety of small mammal species. Ten hamsters were trained to breathe through the valve while expirate was collected. Respiratory frequency, tidal volume, minute volume, O2 uptake, CO2 output, respiratory exchange ratio, and ventilatory equivalent were measured.

An attempt to determine the size of the Common Barn-owl’s (Tyto alba) hunting area based on its prey composition

2021 ◽  
pp. 175815592110660
Author(s):  
Jenő J Purger ◽  
Dávid Szép
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Barn Owl ◽  
Tyto Alba ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Open Forest ◽  
Prey Composition ◽  
Small Mammal Species ◽  
Owl Pellets

The relative abundance of small mammal species detected from Common Barn-owl pellets reflects the landscape structure and habitat pattern of the owl’s hunting area, but it is also affected by the size of the collected pellet sample and the size of the supposed hunting area. The questions arise: how many pellets should be collected and analyzed as well as how large hunting area should be taken into consideration in order to reach the best correspondence between the owl’s prey composition and the distribution of habitats preferred by small mammals preyed in supposed hunting areas? For this study, we collected 1045 Common Barn-owl pellets in a village in southern Hungary. All detected small mammal species were classified into functional groups (guilds) preferring urban, open, forest and wetland habitats. The proportion of functional groups was compared to the proportion of these habitats around the pellet collection site within circles of one, two, and three km radius. Saturation curves showed that at least 300 pellets or ca. 600 mammalian remains are required for the detection of the 19 small mammal species. The share of small mammals detected in the prey and their functional groups according to their habitat preference showed an increasing consistency with the distribution of real habitats in the potential hunting area of a radius of 3 km around the owl’s breeding or resting place.

scholarly journals Flea Communities on Small Mammals in Lowland Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Baláž ◽  
Martina Zigová
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Dominant Species ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Small Mammal Species

AbstractThe landscape of south-western Slovakia is characterised by anthropogenous reshaping, while fragments of undisturbed, waterlogged habitats have been preserved in what remains of the meandering ancient Žitava River. These refuges are inhabited by various small mammal species and their blood-sucking ectoparasites. Between 2014 and 2018, research on them was carried out in Slovakia’s Danubian Lowland (Podunajská nížina) during three out of the four seasons (spring, summer and autumn). The small mammals were captured at 27 localities. The occurrence of nine flee species from the Hystrichopsyllidae, Ctenophthalmidae and Ceratophyllidae families was documented on 12 small burrowing mammals. During the course of all the seasons in which research was conducted, Ctenophthalmus agyrtes, C. assimilis, Megabothris turbidus a Nosopsyllus fasciatus were found, among the most dominant species to be seen on small burrowing mammals.

Effect of hyperoxia on substrate utilization during intense submaximal exercise

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Adams ◽  
P. A. Cashman ◽  
J. C. Young
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Lactate Levels

Six trained males [mean maximal O2 uptake (VO2max) = 66 ml X kg-1 X min-1] performed 30 min of cycling (mean = 76.8% VO2max) during normoxia (21.35 +/- 0.16% O2) and hyperoxia (61.34 +/- 1.0% O2). Values for VO2, CO2 output (VCO2), minute ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), venous lactate, glycerol, free fatty acids, glucose, and alanine were obtained before, during, and after the exercise bout to investigate the possibility that a substrate shift is responsible for the previously observed enhanced performance and decreased RER during exercise with hyperoxia. VO2, free fatty acids, glucose, and alanine values were not significantly different in hyperoxia compared with normoxia. VCO2, RER, VE, and glycerol and lactate levels were all lower during hyperoxia. These results are interpreted to support the possibility of a substrate shift during hyperoxia.

Ecology of mites (Acarina) on small mammals (Eulipotyphla, Rodentia) in Podunajská nížina plain

Biologia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuzana Poláčiková
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Detrended Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Ecological Evaluation ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Mite Communities ◽  
Small Mammal Species

AbstractThis study deals with the species distribution and structure of mite communities living in the fur of small mammals. Mesostigmatic mites (Acarina: Mesostigmata) of several small mammal species were studied at several sites of Slovakia situated in the Podunajská nížna lowland. The aims deal with ecological evaluation of mesostigmatic mites and their small mammal hosts. The research was done from 2005 to 2007. Several small mammal species were caught at 16 sites in the research area. These represent 13 types of biotopes. On the captured small mammals we recorded 3,141 individuals of mesostigmatic mites (7 families and 22 species). The dominance and the diversity of the recorded mites were analysed. Mites being interpreted as the variable one were evaluated by cluster analysis and multifactor analysis (detrended correspondence analysis, principal components analysis, redundancy analysis). Small terrestrial mammals as hosts of mites represent “holders” of environmental factors, in the analysis they are being evaluated as explanatory variable mainly. They transform direct impact of the environment and for that reason the ecological evaluation of mites is specific comparing to other taxonomical and ecological groups of animals.

The scientific, financial and ethical implications of three common wildlife-trapping designs

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen P. Waudby ◽  
Sophie Petit ◽  
Matthew J. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Capture Rate ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Small Mammal Species ◽  
Capture Rates

Abstract ContextTrapping design influences information collected about wildlife populations and biodiversity. Trapping is also resource-intensive and has animal welfare implications. AimsThe scientific, financial and ethical performances of three trap designs were compared for estimating diversity and sampling small vertebrates. MethodsSmall vertebrates were trapped over 16 trapping sessions, from April 2009 to May 2011, with aluminium box-style (Elliott) traps and two pitfall trap designs (shallow–wide and deep–narrow), in an arid environment. Key resultsShallow pitfalls recorded highest overall species richness (S=22) and diversity (qD=10.622), reptile diversity (qD=8.112) and reptile capture rates (13.600 individuals per 100 trap nights). Shallow and deep pitfalls sampled ~79.0% and 85.0% (respectively) more small mammals than did Elliott traps. Deep pitfalls sampled the greatest diversity (qD=6.017) and number (29.700 individuals per 100 trap nights) of small mammals, and captured the greatest number of small mammal species (0.003) and individuals (0.106) per dollar. Shallow pitfalls were the most cost-efficient trap type for sampling reptile species (0.003) and individuals (0.044) per dollar. Between-session recapture rates were greatest in Elliott traps, indicating an increased likelihood of biased capture rates for certain small mammal species over time. Elliott traps were the least efficient traps on most scientific and cost measures, and recorded the greatest overall recapture rates, particularly for Sminthopsis crassicaudata and S. macroura. Body size of one species only, the nationally threatened Pseudomys australis, influenced its capture rate, with larger individuals more likely to be caught in deep pitfalls. Mortality was highest in pitfalls and mostly related to interactions between animals caught in the same trap. Key conclusionsShallow pitfalls are suitable for studies focused on estimating species richness, and reptile diversity and abundance. Deep pitfalls are cost-effective for sampling small mammals. Ethical issues associated with pitfalls could be managed by checking traps more often at night, and/or including materials that provide increased protection from predators caught in the same trap, particularly during periods of high abundance. ImplicationsTrap design profoundly influences cost-effectiveness and welfare outcomes of wildlife research. We provide a tool to assist cost-benefit related decisions.

scholarly journals Do small mammals prey upon an invasive ectoparasite of cervids?

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 1044-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sirpa Kaunisto ◽  
Raine Kortet ◽  
Sauli Härkönen ◽  
Arja Kaitala ◽  
Sauli Laaksonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Population Regulation ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Bank Voles ◽  
Small Mammal Species ◽  
Deer Ked

Predation is often considered an important factor for population regulation and in some cases for the invasion success of prey. Small mammalian predation may be a major force in the population regulation of many ground-dwelling invertebrate species. The deer ked ( Lipoptena cervi (L., 1758)) is an ectoparasitic fly of cervids. The species has a large distribution area and it has relatively rapidly spread in northern Europe during the previous four decades. The factors possibly regulating the distribution and invasion of this fly are poorly known. During the off-host stage of several months, pupae of deer ked are likely exposed to many ground-dwelling predators. To study whether small mammals would feed on deer keds, we conducted experiments by serving pupae of deer ked to wild-captured common shrews ( Sorex araneus L., 1758), bank voles ( Myodes glareolus (Schreber, 1780)), field voles ( Microtus agrestis (L., 1761)), and semi-wild bank voles, and assessed pupal survival. As a control, we provided alternative food including common nutrients used by small mammals in their natural habitats. The results show that variable amounts of pupae of deer ked are consumed by all small-mammal species studied. Surprisingly, insectivorous and most of the time food-constrained shrews consumed less pupae than granivorous–herbivorous voles.

Susceptibility of different gases to ventilation-perfusion inequality

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Partition Coefficient ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Compartment Models ◽  
Algebraic Analysis ◽  
Co2 Output ◽  
Different Gases

Calculations of O2 and CO2 transfer in lung models of both series and parallel ventilation-perfusion (VA/Q) inequality have been performed by several investigators. In some cases, O2 uptake was found to be depressed more than CO2 output but in other examples CO2 elimination was interfered with to a greater extent. To understand the fundamental basis of differential susceptibility of various gases to VA/Q inequality, an algebraic analysis of inert gas exchange in two-compartment models of both series and parallel inequality is presented. For both types of inequality, the result is remarkably simple, in that the gas most affected is one whose partition coefficient is the geometric mean of the ventilation-to-perfusion ratios of the two compartments. Transfer of O2 and CO2 in these models was predicted well by the inert gas results not only qualitatively but even quantitatively. Similarly good quantitative predictions were obtained in more complicated multicompartment VA/Q distributions. The results therefore explain and reconcile the findings of various reported studies and in particular account for the observation that CO2 transfer is compromised in many examples of series inequality.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Relationships of Ljungan Virus Variants Circulating in Multi-Host Systems across Europe

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1317
Author(s):  
Chiara Rossi ◽  
Nicola Zadra ◽  
Cristina Fevola ◽  
Frauke Ecke ◽  
Birger Hörnfeldt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Purifying Selection ◽  
Myodes Glareolus ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Bank Voles ◽  
Ljungan Virus ◽  
Small Mammal Species

The picornavirus named ‘Ljungan virus’ (LV, species Parechovirus B) has been detected in a dozen small mammal species from across Europe, but detailed information on its genetic diversity and host specificity is lacking. Here, we analyze the evolutionary relationships of LV variants circulating in free-living mammal populations by comparing the phylogenetics of the VP1 region (encoding the capsid protein and associated with LV serotype) and the 3Dpol region (encoding the RNA polymerase) from 24 LV RNA-positive animals and a fragment of the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) sequence (used for defining strains) in sympatric small mammals. We define three new VP1 genotypes: two in bank voles (Myodes glareolus) (genotype 8 from Finland, Sweden, France, and Italy, and genotype 9 from France and Italy) and one in field voles (Microtus arvalis) (genotype 7 from Finland). There are several other indications that LV variants are host-specific, at least in parts of their range. Our results suggest that LV evolution is rapid, ongoing and affected by genetic drift, purifying selection, spillover and host evolutionary history. Although recent studies suggest that LV does not have zoonotic potential, its widespread geographical and host distribution in natural populations of well-characterized small mammals could make it useful as a model for studying RNA virus evolution and transmission.

scholarly journals Temporal variation in small nonvolant mammal (Cricetidae and Didelphidae) microhabitat associations in the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 663-681
Author(s):  
Robert Owen
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
Interannual Variation ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest ◽  
Small Mammal Species

Many questions concerning habitat preferences of Neotropical small mammals remain unanswered. These questions include where the animal lives within and among the available habitats, and the temporal (seasonal and interannual) variation in the habitat associations. The objectives of this research were: (1) to determine the associations of non-volant small mammal species (Rodentia and Didelphimorphia) with specific microhabitat characteristics including vegetation structure in an area near the western boundary of the Upper Paraná Atlantic Forest, and (2) to evaluate seasonal and interannual variation in those associations. Three grids were sampled in three seasons (Dry, Wet, Variable) during two years (2015-2017). The four predominant small mammal species (Gracilinanus agilis, Akodon montensis, Hylaeamys megacephalus, and Oligoryzomys nigripes) were evaluated for seasonal and interannual variation in habitat preferences. Each of the four exhibited seasonal and/or interannual variation in microhabitat preferences for three to six of the 17 environmental variables analyzed. This is the first study to explicitly evaluate temporal variation in habitat associations of small mammals in the Atlantic Forest ecoregion. The temporal patterns of habitat association among these four predominant species reveal a complex spatially and temporally dynamic composition and structure in this small mammal community.

scholarly journals Records of seven small mammal species (Insectivora, Chiroptera) new to the Kruger National Park

Koedoe ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. L Rautenbach ◽  
G De Graaff ◽  
U De V Pienaar
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Small Mammal ◽  
National Park ◽  
Kruger National Park ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Collecting Expedition ◽  
The Republic ◽  
First Time ◽  
Small Mammal Species

On a recent collecting expedition in the Kruger National Park, the occurrence of seven species of small mammals (one shrew and six bats) within the confines of this sanctuary was confirmed for the first time. One species (Pipistrellus rusticus) is reported for the first time from within the borders of the Transvaal, whereas another species (Myotis bocagei) is reported for the first time for the Republic of South Africa. The seven species are briefly discussed and the collections where the specimens have been accessioned are indicated.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document