partition coefficient
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Author(s):  
Marta CZYŻEWSKA ◽  
Radosław TRĘBIŃSKI

This paper presents a method for predicting a value of a gasdynamic efficiency coefficient for perforated muzzle brakes. The method is based on the interior ballistics modelling for determining gasdynamic flow parameters at the brake inlet and 2D modelling the processes inside the brake with treating vents as circumferential slots. The modelling provides information about the mass flux time changes at the inlet and at the outlet of the brake. Using this information, the mass partition coefficient values and the gasdynamic efficiency coefficient values are calculated. It has been shown that the mass partition coefficient establishes very quickly and it is determined only by the geometry of the brake. The gasdynamic efficiency coefficient establishes after a relatively long time, what demands carrying out calculations for a relatively long time period. However, it has been shown that this problem can be solved by making use of the established ratio of mass fluxes at the outlet and the inlet. So, flow parameters’ values at the inlet are sufficient for determining the gasdynamic efficiency coefficient to the moment of attaining the final value. It has been shown that this value depends on the ballistics and on the vents inclination angle.


Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 3287
Author(s):  
Bushra Fatima ◽  
Basem Al Alwan ◽  
Sharf Ilahi Siddiqui ◽  
Rabia Ahmad ◽  
Mohammed Almesfer ◽  
...  

This study reports the synthesis of copper–zinc binary oxide coupled cadmium tungstate through a simple bio-precipitation method followed by calcination at 600 °C and its adsorption application. The characterization analysis reveals that the prepared composite has low particles size (nano-range), high porosity, and functional groups on the surface. The calcination of sample at 600 °C causes some essential function groups to disappear on the surface. Prepared composite was found to be effective adsorptive material to treat Congo red dye in aqueous solution. 2.5 g L−1 dose of adsorbent could remove more than 99% Congo red dye from 10 mg L−1 solution and more than 80% Congo red dye from 60 mg L−1 aqueous solution. The maximum adsorption capacity of present adsorbent was calculated to be 19.6 mg Congo red per gram of adsorbent. Isotherms analysis suggested a physio-chemical adsorption process. Thermodynamic analysis revealed a exothermic and feasible adsorption process. Adsorption rate was well explained by pseudo second order kinetics. The rate determining step was intra-particle diffusion evaluated from the Weber-Morris plot. To assess the adsorption performance of present adsorbent for Congo red dye the partition coefficient and adsorption equilibrium capacity were compared with other adsorbents. The partition coefficient and adsorption equilibrium values for 10 mg L−1 aqueous solution were found to be approximately 83.3 mg g−1 µM−1 and 4.0 mg g−1 at 30 °C and 7.0 pH using 2.5 g L−1 adsorbent. The value of partition coefficient was found to be higher than previous reported zinc oxide coupled cadmium tungstate having partition coefficient = as 21.4 mg g−1 µM−1 at 30 °C and 7.0 pH using 2.0 g L−1 adsorbent (Fatima, B.; Siddiqui, S.I.; Nirala, R.K. et al., Environ. Poll. 2021, 271, 116401). These results suggested that present adsorption technology is efficient for wastewater treatment.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 9735
Author(s):  
Xing Zeng ◽  
Hengyu Wang ◽  
Jing Yao ◽  
Yuheng Li

The concentration profiles and breakthrough curves of the 2 m thick compacted clay liner (CCL) given in the specification were compared, considering three different adsorption isotherms (upper convex, linear, and lower concave). In addition, the effects of transport parameters, sorption isotherms, and source concentrations on pollutant migration were analyzed. The results showed that the dimensionless breakthrough curves of different source concentrations considering the linear adsorption isotherm coincided with each other, as the partition coefficient of the linear adsorption isotherm was constant. For the lower concave isotherm, the migration of a large source concentration was slowest, because the partition coefficient of the lower concave isotherm increased with an increase in concentration. For the upper convex isotherm, the migration of a large source concentration was fastest, because the partition coefficient decreased with an increase in concentration. The effects of the nonlinear isotherms on the shape of the outflow curve were similar to the effects of a change in the hydrodynamic dispersion (Dh): the concentration front of the upper convex isotherm was narrower, which was similar to the effect of a reduction in Dh (i.e., PL), and the concentration front of the lower concave isotherm was wider and similar to the effect of an increase Dh (i.e., PL). Therefore, the diffusion and adsorption parameters were fitted separately in the study, in case the nonlinear adsorption behavior was mistakenly defined as linear adsorption.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1263
Author(s):  
Dewi Isadiartuti ◽  
Noorma Rosita ◽  
Esti Hendradi ◽  
Firdausiah Fania Dwi Putri Putri ◽  
Frida Magdalena

The solubility and partition coefficient are essential physicochemical parameters in developing a pharmaceutical dosage form of medicine. In addition, these parameters help to predict the absorption of an active compound in oral or topical dosage forms. Salicylamide, an active ingredient available in oral and topical dosage forms, is a weak acid (pKa 8.2) and is sparingly soluble in water. Meanwhile, its solubility and partition coefficients are influenced by the pH of the environment. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is used to predict solubility-pH and partition-pH profiles at various pH solutions. This study aims to determine salicylamide's solubility and partition coefficient in various pH (2–11). Both tests were carried out in various pH buffer solutions (at a concentration of 0.02 M and 0.2 ionic strength) in a water bath shaker at a temperature of 37 ± 0.5 °C. In addition, the salicylamide content was determined using the UV spectrophotometer method at the maximum wavelength at each pH. The results showed that the solubility increased at pH 2–10, while the partition coefficient value decreased. On the other hand, at pH 11, there was an increase in the number of ionized species, but the solubility decreased.


Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1750
Author(s):  
Leila Saranjam ◽  
Elisabet Fuguet ◽  
Miroslava Nedyalkova ◽  
Vasil Simeonov ◽  
Francesc Mas ◽  
...  

A computational methodology using Density-Functional Theory (DFT) calculations was developed to determine the partition coefficient of a compound in a solution of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) micelles. Different sets of DFT calculations were used to predict the free energy of a set of 63 molecules in 15 different solvents with the purpose of identifying the solvents with similar physicochemical characteristics to the studied micelles. Experimental partition coefficients were obtained from Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography (MEKC) measurements. The experimental partition coefficient of these molecules was compared with the predicted partition coefficient in heptane/water, cyclohexane/water, N-dodecane/water, pyridine/water, acetic acid/water, decan-1-ol/water, octanol/water, propan-2-ol/water, acetone/water, propan-1-ol/water, methanol/water, 1,2-ethane diol/water, dimethyl sulfoxide/water, formic acid/water, and diethyl sulphide/water systems. It is observed that the combination of pronan-1-ol/water solvent was the most appropriated to estimate the partition coefficient for SDS micelles. This approach allowed us to estimate the partition coefficient orders of magnitude faster than the classical molecular dynamics simulations. The DFT calculations were carried out with the well-known exchange correlation functional B3LYP and with the global hybrid functional M06-2X from the Minnesota functionals with 6-31++G ** basis set. The effect of solvation was considered by the continuum model based on density (SMD). The proposed workflow for the prediction rate of the participation coefficient unveiled the symmetric balance between the experimental data and the computational methods.


Author(s):  
M.P. Maphutha ◽  
J.D. Steenkamp ◽  
P.C. Pistorius

Advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) are sophisticated materials being developed by the steel industry to mitigate challenges related to the performance of motor vehicles. To meet the requirements of AHSS, the ferromanganese alloys (FeMn) utilized in the production of the steel are required to contain acceptable levels of unwanted impurities, i.e. P, S, N, H, and C. The focus of the current study was to investigate dephosphorization of ferromanganese to produce a low-P alloy that could be effectively utilized in the production of AHSS. The study involved conducting laboratory-scale testwork to study the efficiency of CaO-based slag systems to dephosphorize FeMn alloys. The addition of Na2O, CaF2, and BaO to MnO-CaO-SiO2 slag was considered. The test work was carried out in a 25 kW induction furnace at temperatures of 1350°C, 1400°C, and 1450°C. The P partition coefficient (Lp) remained small at <1, which is an indication that dephosphorization had not been achieved. The baseline slag, comprising 40%CaO-40%SiO2-20%MnO, reported higher Lpvalues. Addition of Na2O and CaF2 did not show any further benefit. Substituting half of the CaO by BaO, resulted in similar Lpvalues to those of the baseline slag under conditions of 1350°C and 1450°C at 30 minutes. In summary, based on the Lpvalues obtained, the conditions investigated with the CaO-based slags appeared to have been unfavourable for dephosphorization of FeMn alloys, as most of this impurity element remained in the alloy.


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