Sequence of interstitial liquid accumulation in liquid-inflated sheep lung lobes

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 2659-2666 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Conhaim ◽  
S. J. Lai-Fook ◽  
A. Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Species Differences ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Cuff Volume ◽  
Analogue Model ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Cuff Size ◽  
Mechanical Linkage ◽  
Perivascular Cuff ◽  
Lung Lobes ◽  
Space Volume

In the initial stages of pulmonary edema, liquid accumulates in the lung interstitium and appears as cuffs around pulmonary vessels. To determine the pattern, rate, and magnitude of cuff formation, we inflated sheep lungs to capacity with liquid (inflation pressure 19 cmH2O) for 3–300 min. After freezing the lobes in liquid N2, we measured perivascular cuff size and total perivascular volume in frozen blocks of each lobe and compared the results with previous measurements in dog lungs. Total cuff volume in sheep lungs reached a maximum value of 5% of air space volume, compared with 9% in dog lungs. In sheep lungs 94% of vessels greater than or equal to 0.5 mm diam and 16% of smaller vessels were surrounded by cuffs. In dog lungs these values were 99 and 47%, respectively. The ratio of cuff area to vessel area reached a maximum of 2.3 in sheep lungs and 3.4 in dog lungs. In an electrical analogue model designed to simulate cuff growth, estimated interstitial resistance to liquid flow was 6–15 times higher than similar estimates in dog lungs. These species differences might be the result of differences in the composition of the interstitial gel or to differences in the mechanical linkage between the lung parenchyma and vessel wall.

scholarly journals Dystrophic mineralisation in chronic exogenous lipid pneumonia in cats

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 205511691985025
Author(s):  
Claudia Mallol ◽  
Yvonne Espada ◽  
Albert Lloret ◽  
Raúl Altuzarra ◽  
Carlo Anselmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Constipation ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Radiographic Findings ◽  
Dependent Part ◽  
Exogenous Lipid ◽  
Lipid Pneumonia ◽  
Lung Lobes

Case series summary Exogenous lipid pneumonia with mineralisation of the lung parenchyma was diagnosed in three cats with radiographs, CT and/or bronchoalveolar lavage cytological findings. All three cats had a common clinical history of chronic constipation and long-term forced oral administration of mineral oil. All three cases showed radiographic findings compatible with aspiration pneumonia, with an alveolar pattern in the ventral part of the middle and/or cranial lung lobes. Minor improvement of the radiographic lung pattern in the follow-up studies was seen in two cats, and a miliary ‘sponge-like’ mineralised pattern appeared in the previously affected lung lobes months to years after the diagnosis. In one cat, patchy fat-attenuating areas in the consolidated lung lobes were present on thoracic CT. Cases 1 and 2 showed respiratory signs at the initial presentation, while in case 3 the radiographic findings were incidental and the cat had never exhibited respiratory signs. Relevance and novel information This is the first report to describe dystrophic mineralisation of the lung in exogenous lipid pneumonia and also the first to describe the CT features in cats. Exogenous lipid pneumonia should be included in the differential diagnosis in cases of miliary ‘sponge-like’ mineral opacities in the dependent part of the lung lobes on thoracic radiographs or CT in cats, especially in cases of chronic constipation, previously exposed to mineral oil.

Growth rate of perivascular cuffs in liquid-inflated dog lung lobes

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 647-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Conhaim
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Inflation Pressure ◽  
Cuff Volume ◽  
Edema Formation ◽  
Lung Capacity ◽  
A Value ◽  
Liquid Storage ◽  
Additional Lobes ◽  
Lung Lobes

In the early stages of pulmonary edema, excess liquid leaving the pulmonary exchange vessels accumulates in the peribronchovascular interstitium where it forms large peribronchovascular cuffs. The peribronchovascular interstitium therefore acts as a reservoir to protect the air spaces from alveolar flooding. The rate of liquid accumulation and the liquid storage capacity of the cuffs determine how quickly alveolar flooding is likely to follow once edema formation has begun. To measure the rate and capacity of interstitial filling we inflated 11 isolated degassed dog lung lobes with liquid to an inflation pressure of 14 cmH2O (total lung capacity) for 1–300 min, then froze the lobes in liquid N2. We made photographs of 20 randomly selected 12 X 8-mm cross sections from each lobe and measured cuff volume from the photographs by point-counting. We found that cuff volume increased from 2.2% of air-space volume after 1 min of inflation to 9.3% after 300 min. To measure the driving pressure responsible for cuff formation we used micropipettes to measure subpleural interstitial liquid pressure at the hilum of three additional lobes. With liquid inflation pressure set to 14 cmH2O interstitial pressure rose exponentially to 11.5 cmH2O. Interstitial compliance calculated from our volume and pressure measurements equaled 0.09 ml X cmH2O–1 X g wet wt-1, a value similar to that measured in air-inflated lungs. Goldberg [Am. J. Physiol. 239 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 8): H189-H198, 1980] has likened interstitial filling to the charging of a capacitor, a process that follows a monoexponential time course.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effect of lung inflation on alveolar-airway barrier protein permeability in dog lung

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 1249-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Conhaim ◽  
M. A. Gropper ◽  
N. C. Staub
Keyword(s):  
Evans Blue ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Cuff Volume ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Lung Inflation ◽  
Evans Blue Dye ◽  
Liquid Storage ◽  
Lung Expansion ◽  
Lung Lobes

To determine the leakiness to protein of the barrier that separates the air space and interstitial compartment of the lung, we measured perivascular interstitial fluid cuff protein concentration and volume in 10 isolated and 9 intact closed-chest dog lung lobes, which we degassed and inflated to 25, 50, 75, or 100% of capacity with 5% bovine serum albumin labeled with Evans blue dye. After 1 h we froze the lobes in liquid N2 and made color transparencies of 20 randomly selected frozen samples of each lobe. We measured Evans blue dye-albumin concentrations from absorption by cuff images of a 50-micron-diam red (lambda = 620 nm) microspot. We measured absolute cuff volume (ml/g dry lung) by point counting on the transparencies. Using specific Evans blue-albumin fluorescence we determined that the dye was protein bound in airways and cuffs. Cuff protein concentration averaged 37% of instillate concentration and did not vary with inflation volume or between isolated and intact lobes. Cuff volume was 3.4 ml/g dry lung at total lung capacity in both isolated and intact lobes. We conclude that at some point the barrier is permeable to albumin as well as liquid at all lung volumes in dogs and that the protein sieving properties of the barrier do not change with lung expansion over the range examined. The liquid storage capacity of the cuffs can increase as much as 20-fold between low and high lung volumes.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Treatment Response of Chronic Lung Diseases of Adult Sheep in the United Kingdom Based upon Ultrasonographic Findings

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Scott
Keyword(s):  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Tumour Mass ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Procaine Penicillin ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases ◽  
Breath Sounds ◽  
Anechoic Area ◽  
Lung Lobes

Examination of the lungs of adult sheep with chronic respiratory diseases was readily achieved using both 5 MHz linear and sector scanners. Superficial lung abscesses in eight sheep appeared as anechoic areas containing multiple hyperechoic dots bordered distally by a broad hyperechoic capsule. Unilateral fibrinous pleurisy (2 sheep) appeared as an anechoic area containing a hyperechoic latticework. Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) lesions appeared as sharply demarcated hypoechoic areas in the lung parenchyma initially in the cranioventral lung lobes (21 sheep) with lesions also present in the caudodorsal diaphragmatic lobe (11 sheep); abscesses and areas of calcification within the OPA tumour mass were also identified. Daily treatment with procaine penicillin for 30 consecutive days was successful in both sheep with unilateral fibrinous pleurisy and six sheep identified with superficial lung abscesses measuring 2–8 cm in diameter; only one of two sheep with more extensive lesions recovered. Auscultation of the chest failed to detect adventitious sounds in any of the ten sheep with lung abscesses; normal breath sounds were reduced over the area of fibrinous pleurisy; no pleuritic rubs were heard. Wheezes and crackles auscultated in some OPA cases and did not correlate well with lesions detected ultrasonographically.

Regional differences in expansion in excised dog lung lobes

1984 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1710-1714 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Olson ◽  
J. R. Rodarte
Keyword(s):  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Lung Compliance ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Anatomical Basis ◽  
Topographical Orientation ◽  
Pleural Surface ◽  
Regional Lung ◽  
Airway Opening ◽  
Vertical Height ◽  
Lung Lobes

The position of small metallic markers embedded within the lung parenchyma and glued to the pleural surface of four excised right caudal dog lobes were determined during stepwise deflation from an airway opening pressure of 25 cmH2O in air-filled suspended lobes and 8 cmH2O in saline-filled lobes submerged in saline. Changes in the volumes of tetrahedrons formed by four noncoplanar markers were taken as regional lung volume changes at the centroids of the tetrahedron. In both air- and saline-filled lobes at all volumes below total lobe capacity (TLC) there was considerable variability in regional volume. The variability occurred at the first step below TLC and increased with deflation. Regions behaved consistently; regions that were proportionally larger or smaller than the overall lobe at any step tended to be larger or smaller, respectively, at all steps. There was a significant correlation between the regional behavior of the air- and saline-filled lobes. The variability of regional volume did not follow any clear topographical orientation. These results indicate there is considerable variability of lung compliance within small regions. This heterogeneity of regional parenchymal properties may be the anatomical basis of the nonuniformity of regional ventilation known to occur in intact animals and excised lobes within small regions at the same vertical height.

Quantitative Morphology of Peracute Pulmonary Lesions in Swine Induced by Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae

1985 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 598-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. Bertram
Keyword(s):  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Platelet Volume ◽  
Cell Degeneration ◽  
Pulmonary Infarction ◽  
Cellular Debris ◽  
Serotype 5 ◽  
Capillary Endothelial Cells ◽  
Early Effects ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline ◽  
Lung Lobes

Twenty-seven six-week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs were inoculated intratracheally with an isolate of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae serotype 5 (principles) of high virulence (I-200) or low virulence (B-8) or phosphate buffered saline (controls). Pigs given I-200 had severe serofibrinous pleuropneumonia at three hours after inoculation; two of three pigs were dead by 24 hours after inoculation. Interalveolar septa in the caudal lung lobes were 41% thicker than septa from control pigs at three hours after inoculation and 79% thicker by 24 hours after inoculation. Interalveolar septal capillaries in caudal lung lobes were 10.2% larger than control capillaries at three hours after inoculation and 25.6% larger by 24 hours after inoculation. Interalveolar septal capillary platelet volume was greater than the platelet volume of controls; 70% of these platelets were aggregated. There was severe diffuse alveolar, interalveolar septal, and interlobular septal edema at three hours after inoculation with fibrin, neutrophils, and macrophages present in later samples. Thirty-three percent of the lung parenchyma was necrotic at 24 hours after inoculation. Endothelial cell degeneration was generally mild, but necrotic in regions of pulmonary infarction. Pigs inoculated with the B-8 isolate did not develop marked macroscopic lesions at any sampling time. Interalveolar septa were 18% thicker than controls nine hours after inoculation and 5% thicker at six and 24 hours after inoculation. Capillary platelet volume was greatest at nine hours after inoculation with 50% of these platelets aggregated; 30% of the platelet volume was aggregated at the 24-hour sample period. Moderate diffuse pulmonary and interlobular septal edema was present at three, six, and nine hours after inoculation, but absent 24 hours after inoculation. Intravascular macrophages were present in the six, nine, and 24-hour lung samples in both B-8 and I-200 inoculated pigs. These cells were adherent to interalveolar septal capillary endothelial cells and contained phagocytized cellular debris and fibrin. These results indicate the early effects of H., pleuropneumoniae infection involve macrophage and platelet activation, and a marked increase in interalveolar septal capillary permeability.

Thyroxine affects ventilation, lung morphometry, and necrosis of diaphragm in dystrophic hamsters

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (3) ◽  
pp. R779-R785 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Schlenker ◽  
J. A. Burbach
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Treatment Period ◽  
Surface Density ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Air Space ◽  
Space Volume

Male dystrophic hamsters (DH) were treated with pellets containing thyroxine (T hamsters) or placebo (P hamsters) for 8 wk. O2 consumption, ventilation, and ventilation in response to 8% CO2 in O2 and 10% O2 in N2 were evaluated 1 and 8 wk after treatment began. O2 consumption was elevated in T hamsters at 1 and 8 wk, whereas ventilation was similar in the two groups on the first week. By 8 wk, ventilation and ventilatory responses to hypoxic and hypercapnic challenges were 100% greater in T than in P hamsters (P < 0.05). Morphometric evaluations at the end of the treatment period indicated that air space surface density, tissue volume density, and surface density-to-air space volume ratio of the lung parenchyma were greater (P < 0.05) in T than in P hamsters. In contrast, chord length within the lung parenchyma was shorter and necrosis in the diaphragm and tongue, but not in the heart, was lower (P < 0.05) in T than in P hamsters. Taken together, these results suggest that T treatment of DH for 8 wk affects O2 consumption, ventilation, lung architecture, and skeletal muscle without increasing triiodothyronine levels.

scholarly journals Fully Automatic Detection and Segmentation Approach for Juxta-Pleural Nodules From CT Images

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-104
Author(s):  
Vijayalaxmi Mekali ◽  
Girijamma H. A.
Keyword(s):  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Iterative Thresholding ◽  
Automated Method ◽  
Segmentation Approach ◽  
Thresholding Algorithm ◽  
Lung Lobes

Early detection of all types of lung nodules with different characters in medical modality images using computer-aided detection is the best acceptable remedy to save the lives of lung cancer sufferers. But accuracy of different types of nodule detection rates is based on chosen segmented procedures for parenchyma and nodules. Separation of pleural from juxta-pleural nodules (JPNs) is difficult as intensity of pleural and attached nodule is similar. This research paper proposes a fully automated method to detect and segment JPNs. In the proposed method, lung parenchyma is segmented using iterative thresholding algorithm. To improve the nodules detection rate separation of connected lung lobes, an algorithm is proposed to separate connected left and right lung lobes. The new method segments JPNs based on lung boundary pixels extraction, concave points extraction, and separation of attached pleural from nodule. Validation of the proposed method was performed on LIDC-CT images. The experimental result confirms that the developed method segments the JPNs with less computational time and high accuracy.

Sequence of perivascular liquid accumulation in liquid-inflated dog lung lobes

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 513-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Conhaim ◽  
S. J. Lai-Fook ◽  
N. C. Staub
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Total Lung Capacity ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Potential Space ◽  
Interstitial Flow ◽  
Lung Capacity ◽  
Vessel Area ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Arteries And Veins ◽  
Lung Lobes

The peribronchovascular interstitium of the lung is a potential space that expands in pulmonary edema with the formation of large liquid cuffs. To study the time course of cuff formation we inflated nine isolated dog lung lobes with liquid to total lung capacity, rapidly froze them in liquid N2 after inflation periods of 1–300 min, then photographed 20 blocks of each lobe at X3 magnification. From the photographs we measured the ratio of cuff area to vessel area for arteries and veins of 0.05–8 mm diam. We found that the cuff-to-vessel area ratio attained a maximum value of 3–4, which was independent of vessel size. However, the first cuffs to reach maximum size were those around vessels of 0.1–0.5 mm diam, whereas cuffs around larger vessels filled more slowly. No cuffs were visible around vessels smaller than 0.1 mm diam. After 45 min cuffs had formed around 99% of all vessels larger than 0.5 mm diam but had formed around only 38% of veins and 91% of arteries of smaller diameter. We simulated the observed rate and pattern of cuff growth using electrical analog models. The filling pattern and model analyses suggest that liquid entered the interstitium from an air space site associated with arteries of approximately 0.1–1.0 mm diam, spread to adjacent sites, and eventually reached the lobe hilum. The estimated perivascular interstitial flow resistance decreased approximately 100-fold with cuff expansion.

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