Evaluation of renal function and fluid homeostasis during recovery from exercise-induced hyponatremia

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 342-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Irving ◽  
T. D. Noakes ◽  
R. Buck ◽  
R. van Zyl Smit ◽  
E. Raine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Fluid Deficit ◽  
H 41 ◽  
Exercise Induced

Renal function including fluid and electrolyte balance was studied during recovery in eight subjects who developed symptomatic hyponatremia (HN; plasma sodium concentration less than 130 mM) during an 88-km ultramarathon footrace and compared with results for normonatremic runners [NN; n = 18, mean postrace plasma sodium concentration, 138.2 +/- 1.2 (SE) mM]. Estimated fluid intake during the race for HN was 12.5 +/- 1.6 (SE) liters over 9 h 41 min (+/- 28 min). HN excreted a net fluid excess of 2.95 +/- 0.56 (range 1.2–5.9) liters compared with a fluid deficit of 2.7 +/- 0.3% body weight in NN. The sodium deficit was 153 +/- 35 mmol in HN and 187 +/- 37 mmol in NN. Despite the fluid overload, plasma volume was decreased by 24.1 +/- 5.0% in HN compared with 8.2 +/- 2.6% in NN. Serum renin activity (5.1 +/- 2.0 ng.ml-1.h-1), aldosterone concentrations (410 +/- 34 ng/l), creatinine clearances (174.8 +/- 28.2 ml/min), and urine output (6.4 +/- 1.0 ml/min) were markedly elevated in HN during recovery. Thus the hyponatremia of exercise results from fluid retention in subjects who ingest abnormally large fluid volumes during prolonged exercise.

scholarly journals Sodium Replacement and Plasma Sodium Drop During Exercise in the Heat When Fluid Intake Matches Fluid Loss

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Costas A. Anastasiou ◽  
Stavros A. Kavouras ◽  
Giannis Arnaoutis ◽  
Aristea Gioxari ◽  
Maria Kollia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Sodium Replacement

Abstract Context: Sodium replacement during prolonged exercise in the heat may be critically important to maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and muscle contractility. Objective: To examine the effectiveness of sodium-containing sports drinks in preventing hyponatremia and muscle cramping during prolonged exercise in the heat. Design: Randomized crossover study. Patients or Other Participants: Thirteen active men. Intervention(s): Participants completed 4 trials of an exercise protocol in the heat (30°C) consisting of 3 hours of exercise (alternating 30 minutes of walking and cycling at a heart rate of 130 and 140 beats per minute, respectively); a set of standing calf raises (8 sets of 30 repetitions); and 45 minutes of steep, brisk walking (5.5 kmṡh−1 on a 12% grade). During exercise, participants consumed fluids to match body mass loss. A different drink was consumed for each trial: carbohydrate-electrolyte drink containing 36.2 mmol/L sodium (HNa), carbohydrate-electrolyte drink containing 19.9 mmol/L sodium (LNa), mineral water (W), and colored and flavored distilled water (PL). Main Outcome Measure(s): Serum sodium, plasma osmolality, plasma volume changes, and muscle cramping frequency. Results: During both HNa and LNa trials, serum sodium remained relatively constant (serum sodium concentration at the end of the protocol was 137.3 mmol/L and 136.7 mmol/L, respectively). However, a clear decrease was observed in W (134.5 ± 0.8 mmol/L) and PL (134.4 ± 0.8 mmol/L) trials compared with HNa and LNa trials (P < .05). The same trends were observed for plasma osmolality (P < .05). Albeit not significant, plasma volume was preserved during the HNa and LNa trials, but a reduction of 2.5% was observed in the W and PL trials. None of the volunteers experienced cramping. Conclusions: The data suggest that sodium intake during prolonged exercise in the heat plays a significant role in preventing sodium losses that may lead to hyponatremia when fluid intake matches sweat losses.

scholarly journals Observations on some renal function indices in dogs under ketamine-xylazine anaesthesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
ES Ajibola ◽  
SA Rahman ◽  
KT Biobaku ◽  
N Okwelum ◽  
JA Oyewusi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Fractional Excretion ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Clearance

This study was done to evaluate the effect of an increased dose of ketamine on some renal function indices of Ketamine−Xylazine anaesthetised dogs. Five adult female mongrel dogs assigned to two different treatment groups in a randomized cross over design were used for this study. Each of the dogs received either 10mg/kg or 20mg/kg ketamine at a week interval. The mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of creatinine, absolute and fractional excretion of sodium (UNaV, FENa), urine flow rate (UFR), and plasma sodium clearance were all found to be insignificantly increased in dogs that received the higher dose regime of ketamine. All the dogs in the two treatment groups exhibited levels of glycosuria and hyposthenuria. When plasma sodium concentration of dogs treated with 10mg/kg was correlated with UNaV it was found to be significant and strong (P < 0.05; r =0.86). It was however strong but insignificant with sodium clearance (P>0.05; r = 0.82) and creatinine clearance (P> 0.05; r = 0.39). At 20mg/kg, the UNaV, sodium clearance and glomerular filtration rate all correlated weakly and insignificantly with plasma sodium concentration. The enhanced diuresis and natriuresis observed in the two treatment groups could be attributed to the effect of xylazine on either the alpha-2 adrenoceptor of the brain or those on the tubules of the kidney. These effects of xylazine could not be reversed by attempting to competitively antagonize it with a 100% increase in ketamine dose.Keywords: Diuresis, GFR fractional excretion, Ketamine, Natriuresis, xylazine

Diabetes mellitus in Brattleboro rats: cardiovascular, fluid, and electrolyte status

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (6) ◽  
pp. R1279-R1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Tomlinson ◽  
S. M. Gardiner ◽  
T. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Electrolyte Balance ◽  
Brattleboro Rats ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Similar Weight ◽  
Metabolic Variables ◽  
Long Evans ◽  
Plasma Arginine

Because plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) levels are raised during streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus (DM), it is possible that AVP contributes to the pattern of change in fluid and electrolyte handling and cardiovascular status after STZ treatment. Therefore we have made daily measurements of cardiovascular and metabolic variables in normal (Long-Evans) and AVP-deficient (Brattleboro) rats treated with saline or STZ. Twenty-four days after STZ, both strains had similar weight loss and increases in fluid intake, but the increase in food intake was greater in Long-Evans than in Brattleboro rats. After STZ, bradycardia developed in both strains, but only Brattleboro rats had reduced blood pressure. Plasma variables were measured 25 days after STZ. Packed cell volume and plasma sodium concentration were reduced in STZ-treated Long-Evans rats compared with saline-treated controls but were unchanged in STZ-treated Brattleboro rats. The results indicate that although AVP deficiency does not seriously affect the ability to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance after STZ treatment, there may be consequences for cardiovascular control.

Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis during prolonged exercise at altitude

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Withey ◽  
J. S. Milledge ◽  
E. S. Williams ◽  
B. D. Minty ◽  
E. I. Bryson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Electrolyte Homeostasis ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The combined effect of exercise and altitude on fluid and electrolyte homeostasis was studied over 13 days on six male subjects eating a diet with constant sodium and potassium content. During the first 4 and last 4 days subjects were semisedentary at an altitude of 900 m. In the middle 5 days subjects exercised by hill walking for about 7 h daily at altitudes between 2,678 and 3,629 m. There was a retention of sodium (mean of 202 mM by the end of the exercise-altitude period) and a small retention of water (mean of 0.49 liters). Plasma volume increased by 0.76 liters and packed cell volume fell from a mean of 44.5 to 41.8%. There was no change in plasma sodium concentration. The retention of sodium implies an expansion in the extracellular space of 1.44 liters at the expense of the intracellular space, which decreased by a calculated 1.05 liters. These changes are similar to those resulting from comparable exercise at sea level and opposite to the effect of altitude on resting subjects.

SURVEY IN SERUM ADH CONCENTRATION IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY PATIENTS

2014 ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
Dung Ngo ◽  
Thi Nhan Nguyen ◽  
Khanh Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Closed Head Injury ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Closed Head

Objective: Study on 106 patients with closed head injury, assessment of serum ADH concentration, correlation with Glasgow score, sodium and plasma osmotic pressure. Patients and methods: Patients with closed head injuries were diagnosed determined by computerized tomography, admitted to the Hue Central Hospital 72 hours ago. Results: (i) Serum concentration of ADH 42.21 ± 47.80 pg/ml. (ii) There is a negative correlation between serum levels of ADH with: (1) Glasgow point r = -0.323, p <0.01; (2) Plasma sodium concentration r = - 0.211, p > 0.05; (3) Plasma osmotic pressure r = - 0.218, p> 0.05. Conclusion: There is a negative correlation between serum levels of ADH with Glasgow scale, plasma sodium concentration and osmotic pressure in plasma. Key words: ADH traumatic brain injury.

scholarly journals Effects of Tissue Sodium Storage on Plasma Sodium Concentration in Response to Hypo- and Hypertonic Stimuli

Nephron ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Rosa D. Wouda ◽  
Rik H.G. Olde Engberink ◽  
Eliane F.E. Wenstedt ◽  
Jetta J. Oppelaar ◽  
Liffert Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Storage ◽  
Tissue Sodium

Effects of homologous atrial natriuretic peptide on drinking and plasma ANG II level in eels

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (5) ◽  
pp. R1605-R1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takamasa Tsuchida ◽  
Yoshio Takei
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Saline Infusion ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Drinking Rate ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Atrial Natriuretic

The effects of eel atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on drinking were investigated in eels adapted to freshwater (FW) or seawater (SW) or in FW eels whose drinking was stimulated by a 2-ml hemorrhage. An intra-arterial infusion of ANP (0.3–3.0 pmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1), which increased plasma ANP level 1.5- to 20-fold, inhibited drinking dose dependently in all groups of eels. The drinking rate recovered to the level before ANP infusion within 2 h after infusate was replaced by saline. The inhibition at 3.0 pmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1was profound in FW eels and hemorrhaged FW eels, whereas significant drinking still remained after inhibition in SW eels. Plasma ANG II concentration also decreased dose dependently during ANP infusion and recovered to the initial level after saline infusion in all groups of eels. The decrease at 3.0 pmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1was large in FW eels and hemorrhaged FW eels compared with that of SW eels. Thus the changes in drinking rate and plasma ANG II level were parallel during ANP infusion. Plasma sodium concentration and osmolality decreased during ANP infusion in SW and FW eels, and they were restored after saline infusion. In hemorrhaged FW eels, however, ANP infusion did not alter plasma sodium concentration and osmolality. Hematocrit did not change during ANP infusion in any group of eels. Collectively, ANP infusion at physiological doses decreased drinking rate and plasma ANG II concentration in parallel in both FW and SW eels. It remains undetermined whether the inhibition of drinking is caused by direct action of ANP or through inhibition of ANG II, which is known as a potent dipsogen in all vertebrate species, including eels.

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