A cross-sectional study of muscle strength and mass in 45- to 78-yr-old men and women

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 644-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Frontera ◽  
V. A. Hughes ◽  
K. J. Lutz ◽  
W. J. Evans

The isokinetic strength of the elbow and knee extensors and flexors was measured in 200 healthy 45- to 78-yr-old men and women to examine the relationship between muscle strength, age, and body composition. Peak torque was measured at 60 and 240 degrees/s in the knee and at 60 and 180 degrees/s in the elbow by use of a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer. Fat-free mass (FFM) was estimated by hydrostatic weighing in all subjects, and muscle mass (MM) was determined in 141 subjects from urinary creatinine excretion. FFM and MM were significantly lower (P less than 0.001) in the oldest group. Strength of all muscle groups at both testing speeds was significantly (P less than 0.006) lower (range 15.5–26.7%) in the 65- to 78- than in the 45- to 54-yr-old men and women. When strength was adjusted for FFM or MM, the age-related differences were not significant in all muscle groups except the knee extensors tested at 240 degrees/s. Absolute strength of the women ranged from 42.2 to 62.8% that of men. When strength was expressed per kilogram of MM, these gender differences were smaller and/or not present. These data suggest that MM is a major determinant of the age- and gender-related differences in skeletal muscle strength. Furthermore, this finding is, to a large extent, independent of muscle location (upper vs. lower extremities) and function (extension vs. flexion).

1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 338-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem Th. Trouerbach ◽  
Jan C. Birkenhäger ◽  
Paul I. M. Schmitz ◽  
Albert M. van Hemert ◽  
Jan L. C. M. van Saase ◽  
...  

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2295-2302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel C Carlsson ◽  
Per E Wändell ◽  
Ulf de Faire ◽  
Mai-Lis Hellénius

Retos ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 731-736
Author(s):  
Alex Barreto de Lima ◽  
Adilson Marques ◽  
Miguel Peralta ◽  
Duarte Henriques-Neto ◽  
Joana Bordado ◽  
...  

Abstract.  Introduction: Aging has been associated with loss of physical capacity caused by the deterioration of most physiological systems. Objective: To analyze the differences in functional Fitness (FF) associated with gender, age and physical activity (PA), and to compare the FF scores of Borbenses with other populations. Method: A cross-sectional study was carried out, comprising 233 elderly (71,2±8,9 yrs old; range between 60,0 to 95,7 yrs old). The FF was evaluated using the Senior Fitness Test battery and PA was estimated by questionnaire. Result: After controlling for age and PA, sex-related differences in FF were only found in shoulder flexibility (favoring women) and in aerobic endurance (AE, favoring men). There were age-related differences in lower body strength (LBS) and AE in both genders and in agility/dynamic balance in men, and upper body strength in women, only, (favoring the younger age group). PA-related differences in FF were only found in trunk flexibility (favoring the active group). Borba population had higher scores in the trunk flexibility than both samples studied and higher scores in shoulder flexibility than Madeiran, only. Conclusion: Except for flexibility and AE, our results indicated FF homogeneity between men and women. The oldest men and women underperformed in LBS and AE. The rest of the FF components may be more dependent on other related factors such as sex, lifestyles, and the environment. Taking into consideration the reference population from the US and Portugal, Borba population underperformed on the majority of FF components, with the exception of flexibility.                                                                    Resumo. Introdução: O envelhecimento tem sido associado à perda de capacidade física causada pela deterioração da maioria dos sistemas fisiológicos. Objetivo: Analisar as diferenças na aptidão funcional (AptF) associada ao sexo, idade e atividade física (AF), e comparar os Borbenses com outras populações. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal, em 233 idosos (71,2±8,9 anos; entre os 60,0 e os 95,7 anos). A AptF foi avaliada usando a bateria Senior Fitness Test e a AF foi estimada por questionário. Resultados: Após controlo da idade e a AF, as diferenças relacionadas ao sexo na AptF foram encontradas apenas na flexibilidade do ombro (favorecendo as mulheres) e na resistência aeróbica (RA, favorecendo os homens). Houve diferenças relacionadas à idade na força corporal inferior (FCI) e RA em ambos os sexos, na agilidade/equilíbrio dinâmico nos homens, e força na parte superior do corpo nas mulheres (favorecendo os mais jovens). As diferenças relacionadas à AF na AptF foram encontradas apenas na flexibilidade do tronco (favorecendo o grupo ativo). A população de Borba apresentou resultados mais altos na flexibilidade do tronco comparativamente às duas amostras estudadas. Conclusões: Com exceção da flexibilidade e RA, os nossos resultados indicaram homogeneidade entre homens e mulheres na AptF. Homens e mulheres mais velhos tiveram um desempenho inferior em FCI e RA. As restantes componentes parecem depender mais de outros fatores (i.e., sexo, estilos de vida e meio ambiente). Levando em consideração a população dos EUA e Portugal, Borba teve um desempenho inferior na maioria dos componentes de AptF, expeto na flexibilidade.   Resumen. Antecedentes: El envejecimiento se ha asociado con la pérdida de capacidad física causada por deterioración biológica, funcional en la mayoría de los sistemas fisiológicos y eventual muerte. Objetivo: analizar las diferencias en la aptitud funcional (AptF) asociadas con el sexo, la edad y el nivel de actividad física (PA), y comparar las puntuaciones de AptF de los Borbenses con otras poblaciones. Métodos: el estudio transversal se llevó a cabo en 233 personas mayores (71,2±8,9 años; entre 60,0 y 95,7 años). Se realizaron evaluaciones de AptF según los procedimientos de la prueba de aptitud física Senior y se estimó la PA mediante un cuestionario. Resultados: Independiente de la edad y los níveles de AFla mujeres presentaron mejores niveles de flexibilidad en los hombros y los hombres mejor capacidad aerobia (CA). Se presentaron diferencias relacionadas con la edad en la fuerza de en los miembros inferiores (FMI) y CA en ambos sexos, y en la agilidad / equilibrio dinámico en los hombres y en la fuerza en los miembros superiores de las mujeres (con evidencia en personas más jóvenes). Las diferencias relacionadas con PA en AptF se encontraron solo en la flexibilidad del tronco (favoreciendo al grupo activo). La población de Borba presentó resultados más altos en la flexibilidad del tronco en comparación con las dos muestras estudiadas. Conclusión: Con la excepción de la flexibilidad y la CA, nuestros resultados indicaron homogeneidad entre hombres y mujeres en AptF. Los hombres y mujeres mayores tuvieron un rendimiento inferior al de FCI y CA. Los componentes restantes parecen depender más de otros factores (es decir, sexo, estilos de vida y medio ambiente). Teniendo en cuenta la población de EE. UU. Y Portugal, Borba tuvo un rendimiento inferior en la mayoría de las componentes de AptF, a excepción de la flexibilidad.


2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 545-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Müller ◽  
A. Grund ◽  
H. Krause ◽  
M. Siewers ◽  
A. Bosy-Westphal ◽  
...  

The aim of the present study was to compare variables of metabolism, physical activity and fitness to body composition in normal and overweight children in a cross-sectional study design. Body composition was assessed by anthropometric measurements and bioelectrical impedance analysis in forty-eight prepubertal children (age 5–11 years, thirteen normal-weight, thirty-five overweight). Total energy expenditure (EE) was measured by combination of indirect calorimetry (for measurement of resting EE) and individually calibrated 24 h heart-rate (HR) monitoring. Activity-related EE and physical activity level (PAL) were calculated. Time spent with min-by-min HR>FLEX HR was also used as a marker of moderate habitual and vigorous activities. Aerobic fitness (O2 pulse (O2 consumption:HR at submaximal steady-state heart rate), submaximal O2 consumption (VO2submaximal), RER at a HR of 170 beats per min) was determined by bicycle ergometry. Muscle strength of the legs (maximal isometric strength of musculus quadriceps and of musculus ischiocruralis (Fa max and Fb max respectively)) was measured by computer tensiometry. When compared with normal children, overweight children had higher skinfold thicknesses (sum of skinfold thicknesses at four sites +160%), fat mass (+142%), waist (+24%) and hip circumferences (+14%), resting EE (+13%) and RER (+5%). No significant group differences were found for fat-free mass, muscle mass, total EE, activity-related EE, PAL, HR>FLEX HR, VO2submaximal, O2 pulse, Fa max and Fb max as well as the fat-free mass- or muscle mass-adjusted values for resting EE, aerobic fitness and muscle strength. When compared with normal children, overweight children had a lower measured v. estimated resting EE (Δ resting EE) and spent more time watching television. There were positive relationships between fat-free mass(x) and resting EE(x), total EE(y), aerobic fitness(y) and muscle strength(y), but only Δ resting EE(x) and HR>FLEX HR(x) correlated with fat mass(y). In a stepwise multivariate regression analysis resting EE adjusted for fat-free mass and Δ resting EE were significant determinants of % fat mass and explained 29·7% of its variance. Thus, in the present cross-sectional study, resting EE was the most important determinant of fat mass.


2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilia S. Andrade ◽  
Marina S. Junqueira ◽  
Claudio Andre Barbosa De Lira ◽  
Rodrigo L. Vancini ◽  
Aldo Seffrin ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grethe Jonasson ◽  
Azar Hassani-Nejad ◽  
Magnus Hakeberg

Abstract Objective To investigate the association between mandibular cortex parameters and fracture in a group of 286 men and women, 79–80 years of age. Study design In a cross-sectional study, the mandibular cortex was evaluated with Klemetti’s index for cortical erosion. The cortical thickness was measured with a ruler adjusting for the magnification factor. The odds ratio (OR) for fracture when having a severely eroded cortex or a cortex thickness < 3 mm was calculated. Results A normal cortex was found in 65% of men, whereas only 7% had a severely eroded cortex. The OR for severely eroded cortex  as fracture risk predictor was significant (2.32; 95% CI 1.3–4.2), also when the female group was evaluated separately. A significant difference was found between the mean thickness for men (3.96 mm) and women (2.92 mm), respectively. The OR for cortical thickness < 3 mm was significant (2.00; 95% CI 1.1–3.6) in the total group, but not when men and women were evaluated separately. Conclusions Among old women, the cortical parameters were significantly associated with prevalent fracture. In old men, other circumstances may be more important.


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