Effect of endurance training on cardiac morphology in Alaskan sled dogs

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1368-1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Stepien ◽  
K. W. Hinchcliff ◽  
P. D. Constable ◽  
J. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Cardiac Morphology ◽  
End Diastolic Volume ◽  
Sled Dogs ◽  
Lv Mass

The cardiac morphology of 77 conscious Alaskan sled dogs before and after 5 mo of endurance training (20 km/day team pulling a sled and musher) was studied using two-dimensional and M-mode echocardiography. Subgroups included dogs with at least one season of previous training (“veterans”) and dogs undergoing their first season of training (“rookies”). Training resulted in a significant ( P< 0.05) decrease in resting heart rate (−15%) and significant increases in interventricular septal thickness (systole, 15%; diastole, 13%), left ventricular (LV) internal dimension in diastole (LVIDd, 4%), LV free wall thickness in systole (9%) and diastole (LVWd, 9%), and left atrial diameter (5%) in all dogs, but the increase in LVWd was greater in rookies (16%) than in veterans (7%). Training increased end-diastolic volume index (8%), LV mass index (24%), and heart weight index (24%) and decreased the LVIDd-to-LVWd ratio (−6%) but did not alter cardiac index. We conclude that increased LV mass attributable to LV dilation and hypertrophy is associated with endurance training in Alaskan sled dogs. Disproportionate LV wall thickening accompanying LV dilation suggests that cardiac morphological changes are due to volume and pressure loading. These training-induced changes are similar to those documented in human athletes undergoing combined isometric and isotonic training and differ from studies of dogs trained on treadmills.

Does echocardiography accurately reflect CMR-determined changes in left ventricular parameters following exercise training? A prospective longitudinal study

2013 ◽  
Vol 114 (8) ◽  
pp. 1052-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela L. Spence ◽  
Louise H. Naylor ◽  
Howard H. Carter ◽  
Lawrence Dembo ◽  
Connor P. Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Internal Cavity ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
Cardiac Morphology ◽  
End Diastolic Volume ◽  
Lv Mass ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Cardiac adaptation in response to exercise has historically been described using echocardiography. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), however, has evolved as a preferred imaging methodology for cardiac morphological assessment. While direct imaging modality comparisons in athletes suggest that large absolute differences in cardiac dimensions exist, it is currently unknown whether changes in cardiac morphology in response to exercise training are comparable when using echocardiography and CMR. Twenty-two young men were randomly assigned to undertake a supervised and intensive endurance or resistance exercise-training program for 24 wk. Echocardiography and CMR assessment of left ventricular (LV) mass, LV end-diastolic volume, internal cavity dimensions, and wall thicknesses were completed before and after training. At baseline, pooled data for all cardiac parameters were significantly different between imaging methods, while LV mass ( r = 0.756, P < 0.001) and volumes (LV end-diastolic volume, r = 0.792, P < 0.001) were highly correlated across modalities. Changes in cardiac morphology data with exercise training were not significantly related when echocardiographic and CMR measures were compared. For example, posterior wall thickness increased by 8.3% ( P < 0.05) when assessed using echocardiography, but decreased by 2% when using CMR. In summary, echocardiography and CMR imaging modalities produce findings that differ with respect to changes in cardiac size and volume following exercise training.

scholarly journals The Female Athlete’s Heart: Comparison of Cardiac Changes Induced by Different Types of Exercise Training Using 3D Echocardiography

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Doronina ◽  
István Ferenc Édes ◽  
Adrienn Ujvári ◽  
Zoltán Kántor ◽  
Bálint Károly Lakatos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Athlete’S Heart ◽  
3D Echocardiography ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Water Polo ◽  
End Diastolic Volume ◽  
Exercise Regime ◽  
Lv Mass ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Athlete's Heart

We aimed to characterize female athlete’s heart in elite competitors in the International Federation of Bodybuilding and Fitness (IFBB) Bikini Fitness category and compare them to athletes of a more dynamic sport discipline and healthy, sedentary volunteers using 3D echocardiography. Fifteen elite female fitness athletes were recruited and compared to 15 elite, age-matched female water polo athletes and 15 age-matched healthy, nontrained controls. Using 3D echocardiography, left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic volume index (EDVi) and LV mass index (LVMi) were measured. Fitness athletes presented similar LV and RV EDVi compared to healthy, sedentary volunteers. Water polo athletes, however, had higher LV and also RV EDVi (fitness versus water polo versus control; LVEDVi: 76±13 versus 84±8 versus 73±8 ml/m2, ANOVA p=0.045; RVEDVi: 61±12 versus 86±14 versus 55±9 ml/m2, p<0.0001). LVMi was significantly higher in the athlete groups; the hypertrophy, however, was even more prominent in water polo athletes (78±13 versus 91±10 versus 57±10 g/m2, p<0.0001). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize female athlete’s heart of IFBB Bikini Fitness competitors. The predominantly static exercise regime induced a mild, concentric-type LV hypertrophy, while in water polo athletes higher ventricular volumes and eccentric LV hypertrophy developed.

Abstract 694: More Extensive Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Transthyretin-Type Cardiac Amyloidosis as Compared to Primary Light-Chain Cardiac Amyloidosis

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Appelbaum ◽  
Caitlin Harrigan ◽  
Warren J Manning ◽  
Frederick L Ruberg ◽  
Michael Gibson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Chain ◽  
Cardiac Amyloidosis ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Male Predominance ◽  
End Diastolic Volume ◽  
Lv Mass ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Al Amyloid

Background : Cardiac amyloidosis is generally described as a disease with left ventricular (LV) wall thickening, but data supporting LV morphologic differences between types of amyloidosis are lacking. We sought to examine LV morphologic differences between patients with light chain (AL) and transthyretin (TTR)-type amyloidosis with cardiac involvement using volumetric cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). Methods : Patients with proven AL (n =21) and TTR amyloidosis (n =14) underwent cine CMR using standard methods. Volumetric LV mass, LV volumes, and LV mass/volume ratio were measured by an independent core lab blinded to all patient data, using a contiguous short-axis stack of images covering the left ventricle. Results : Both groups demonstrated a male predominance (TTR 86%, AL 67%) with patients in the TTR group older than AL group (74±8yr vs 61 ± 12yr p=0.002). There were no differences in the degree of heart failure symptoms in the TTR and AL groups: NHYA Class I: 4 vs 5; Class II/III: 9 vs 15; Class IV: 0 vs 1, respectively (p=0.68). The maximum anteroseptal thickness was greater in the TTR group (17.9 ± 3.6mm vs. 14.1 ± 3.3mm; p<0.001). Left ventricular end-diastolic mass was also greater in TTR compared to AL amyloid (236 ± 63g vs. 186 ± 61 g; p=0.02) with no significant difference in LV end-diastolic volume (TTR: 154 ± 32 ml vs. 155 ± 45 ml; p=0.89). The LV mass to volume ratio for TTR amyloidosis was significantly greater than the AL group (1.58 ± 0.5 vs. 1.24 ± 0.4; p=0.02). Conclusions : These data demonstrate that LV morphology differs between TTR and AL cardiac amyloidosis, with increased wall thickness and mass in TTR despite similar baseline symptoms and clinical characteristics. Given the reported more aggressive course of AL vs. TTR cardiac amyloidosis, the clinical significance of these findings needs to be further evaluated.

Abstract P094: Gender Difference of Left Ventricular Geometry and Prolonged QRS Duration on Electrocardiogram: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis)

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 131 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Inoue ◽  
Hiroshi Ashikaga ◽  
Yoshiaki Ohyama ◽  
Gustavo Volpe ◽  
Bharath Ambale-Venkatesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stroke Volume Index ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Left Ventricular Geometry ◽  
Gadolinium Contrast ◽  
Post Contrast ◽  
End Diastolic Volume ◽  
Lv Mass ◽  
Multiethnic Population ◽  
Qrs Duration

Backgrounds: Prolonged QRS duration (QRSd) on electrocardiogram (ECG) is commonly found in otherwise healthy individuals. However, geometrical factors of the ventricles that determine QRSd are poorly defined. T1 time by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is good parameter to estimate extracellular expansion (ECE). Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between QRSd and CMR measures of tissue composition in a large community-based multiethnic population. Methods: A total of 1,615 participants (52% women; age range 44 to 84 years) of the MESA cohort were evaluated with T1 mapping by using 1.5-T CMR scanners. We excluded the participants with focal scar on delayed enhancement CMR and bundle branch block. Midventricular short-axis T1 maps were acquired before and at 12- and 25-min after administration of gadolinium contrast using Modified Look-Locker Inversion Recovery sequence. Results: Longer QRSd was associated with greater LV end diastolic volume (LVEDV) index (p <0.001), LV mass index (p <0.001), and stroke volume index (p <0.01) in both women and men. In addition, longer QRSd was associated with lower ejection fraction (p<0.001), circumferential shortening (p = 0.04), torsion (p <0.001), and longer post-contrast T1 times at 12 min indicating less ECE (p = 0.001) in women only. Longer T1 time remained significant after adjusting for LVEDV, LV mass and QRS voltage. Conclusions: In a large multiethnic population, longer QRSd was associated with lower ECE and LV dysfunction in women. However, these relationships were sex dependent and were absent in men.

Abstract 16165: Inorganic Arsenic Induces Sex-Dependent Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raihan Kabir ◽  
Prithvi Sinha ◽  
Sumita Mishra ◽  
Obialunanma V Ebenebe ◽  
Nicole Taube ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Luciferase Assay ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Left Ventricular Geometry ◽  
Wall Thickening ◽  
Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy ◽  
Relevant Dose

Exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAS) through drinking water is well-associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, yet the mechanisms through which it induces these effects are not fully understood. Recent epidemiological findings highlight an association between iAS exposure and altered left ventricular geometry in both the presence and absence of hypertension. We therefore tested the hypothesis that iAS exposure has a bimodal impact on cardiac-intrinsic and hemodynamic mechanisms that together induce pathological remodeling of the myocardium. Adult male and female mice were exposed to an environmentally relevant dose of 615 μg/L NaAsO 2 for eight weeks. Males (n=9-10 mice/group) exhibited increased systolic blood pressure (115.1±3.0 vs. 106.0±2.3 mmHg, p=0.0350) via tail cuff photoplethysmography, left ventricular wall thickening (0.98±0.01 vs. 0.88±0.01 mm, p<0.0001) via transthoracic echocardiography, increased heart weight to tibia length (8.56±0.21 vs. 7.15±0.24 mg/mm; n=24 mice/group), and increased plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (47.85±12.0 vs. 15.14±3.73 pg/mL, p=0.0379) via enzyme immunoassay. Myocardial mRNA transcript levels (n=10 hearts/group) of Acta1 (1.36±0.18 vs. 0.73±0.11, p=0.0037), Myh7 (1.53±0.15 vs. 1.04±0.10, p=0.0138), and Nppa (2.40±0.29 vs. 1.02±0.07, p=0.0001) were increased, and Myh6 (0.92±0.17 vs. 1.14±0.23, p=0.0001) was decreased, evidencing pathological hypertrophy in the male heart. Female hearts, however, were largely protected at this eight-week timepoint as similar changes were not detected. Further investigation found that Rcan1 was upregulated (1.47±0.19 vs. 0.97±0.04, p=0.0161; n=10 hearts/group) in male hearts, suggesting that calcineurin-NFAT was activated. Interestingly, iAS was sufficient to activate NFAT (0.82±0.11 vs. 0.46±0.05, p=0.0214; n=8 wells/group) independent of blood pressure via luciferase assay. In conclusion, these results demonstrate for the first time that iAS may cause pathological cardiac hypertrophy not only by increasing hemodynamic load, but also by activating calcineurin-NFAT and inducing fetal gene expression in the male heart, thus providing novel mechanistic insight into the threat of iAS exposure to the cardiovascular system.

scholarly journals Morphofunctional cardiac changes in pregnant women: associations with biomarkers

Open Heart ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. e000850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Umazume ◽  
Takahiro Yamada ◽  
Satoshi Yamada ◽  
Satoshi Ishikawa ◽  
Itsuko Furuta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Vena Cava ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Lv Mass ◽  
Creatine Kinase Mb ◽  
In Pregnancy

ObjectiveThis longitudinal study was performed to determine changes in echocardiography parameters in association with various biomarker levels in pregnancy/postpartum.MethodsFifty-one healthy pregnant women underwent echocardiography with simultaneous determination of blood levels of five biomarkers at each of the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy, immediately postpartum within 1 week after childbirth and approximately 1 month postpartum. Data on 255 echocardiography scans (five times per woman) and biomarkers were analysed.ResultsLeft ventricular end-diastolic dimension, left atrial (LA) volume index and left ventricular (LV) mass index increased with advancing gestation and reached the maximum immediately postpartum concomitant with the highest brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), high-sensitivity troponin I (hs-TnI) and creatine kinase MB levels. The inferior vena cava diameter was significantly reduced in the third trimester compared with that in the first trimester and the peak occurred immediately after childbirth. In 255 paired measurements, hs-TnI level was significantly positively correlated with LA volume index and LV mass index; BNP and NT-proBNP were significantly positively correlated with LA volume index and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was significantly positively correlated with the average of early diastolic septal and lateral mitral annular velocity (e′).ConclusionsMaximal cardiac changes in morphology occurred postpartum within 1 week after childbirth, not during pregnancy. BNP/NT-proBNP, hs-TnI and eGFR reflected cardiac changes in pregnancy.

Algorithm for diagnosis and typing of ALCAPA syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-07
Author(s):  
Mariela Céspedes Almira ◽  
Adel Eladio González Morejón ◽  
Giselle Serrano Ricardo ◽  
Tania Rosa González Rodríguez ◽  
Judith Escobar Bermúdez
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Left Coronary Artery ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
End Diastolic Volume ◽  
Congenital Origin ◽  
Diagnostic Modalities

ALCAPA syndrome was characterized by anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. Its clinical presentation is varied and although it is an anomaly of congenital origin, it is not exclusive to pediatric ages. Its epidemiological documentation is difficult. We aimed to make the non-invasive diagnosis of the ALCAPA syndrome and its variants. An observational, prospective and cross-sectional study was conducted with 31 patients with a positive echocardiographic diagnosis of ALCAPA syndrome at Pediatric Cardio Center “William Soler” from 2005 to 2018. The variables with significance for diagnosis were the echocardiographic visualization of the anomalous connection and the reversed flow in the left coronary artery. The variables with significance for typing were age at diagnosis, ischemia in the electrocardiogram, echocardiographic visualization of left ventricle papillary muscles fibrosis, presence of severe mitral regurgitation, left ventricle spheroidal remodeling, left ventricle ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic volume index, and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter index. An algorithm integrated by various diagnostic modalities associated with echocardiography as a tool for the detection of ALCAPA was developed. The documentation of the diagnostic and classificatory aspects of the syndrome is possible by detecting echocardiographic elements in conjunction with electrocardiographic and radiological aspects.

Abstract P372: Trajectories in Fasting Glucose and Insulin Resistance During Young Adulthood and Measures of Cardiac Function and Structure in Middle Adulthood: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael P Bancks ◽  
Mercedes Carnethon ◽  
Lisa S Chow ◽  
David R Jacobs ◽  
Satoru Kishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Cardiac Function ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Middle Adulthood ◽  
End Diastolic Volume ◽  
Lv Mass ◽  
Stable Trajectory

Introduction: Whether trajectories in fasting glucose (FG) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) during young adulthood, before the onset of diabetes, are associated with cardiac function and structure in middle adulthood is unclear. Hypothesis: We tested the hypothesis that as compared to low-stable trajectory of FG and HOMA-IR, an increasing trajectory for each would be associated with worse cardiac structure and function in middle adulthood. Methods: We determined FG and HOMA-IR for 2,198 CARDIA participants, age 18-30 years, at baseline (1985-1986) and 7, 10, 15, 20, and 25 year follow-up exams who fasted for >8 hours and were not pregnant and were free from diabetes at all exams. At year 30 (2016), Doppler echocardiography and 2D-guided M-mode echocardiography was performed, measuring left atrial dimension, relative wall thickness, left ventricular (LV) mass, LV mass indexed to height, LV ejection fraction percentage, LV end-diastolic and systolic volume, and LV mass to volume ratio. Trajectories were determined using latent class analysis (SAS Proc Traj). We used multivariable linear regression to estimate adjusted means for echo measures according to FG and HOMA-IR trajectory group after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Results: For individuals free from diabetes in midlife, we identified three trajectory groups for both FG and HOMA-IR, low-stable to increasing, moderate-increasing, and high-increasing. Compared to low-stable trajectory for FG, increasing trajectory was associated with greater LV end-diastolic volume, whereas for HOMA-IR increasing trajectory was associated with lower LV end-diastolic volume ( Table ). Increasing FG trajectory was also associated with greater left atrial dimension, while HOMA-IR was not. Conclusion: Trajectory of both FG and HOMA-IR during young adulthood, in the absence of diabetes, was most prominently and differentially associated with LV end-diastolic volume. Future research should elaborate on differential associations of FG and HOMA-IR trajectory.

Ventricular performance and myocardial water content during hemodilution in dogs

1978 ◽  
Vol 235 (6) ◽  
pp. H767-H775 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Geffin ◽  
M. A. Vasu ◽  
D. D. O'Keefe ◽  
D. G. Pennington ◽  
A. J. Erdmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
Stroke Work ◽  
Ventricular Performance ◽  
End Diastolic Volume ◽  
Lv Mass ◽  
Right Heart Bypass ◽  
Water Gain

In dogs anesthetized with chloralose-urethan on right heart bypass, left ventricular (LV) performance was assessed at constant LV stroke work before and for up to 2.5 h after crystalloid hemodilution was established. Lowering the hematocrit from 43.3 +/- 1.3% to 13.6 +/- 1.7% (SE) did not significantly change LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) initially. After 80 min LVEDP increased slightly by 1.7 +/- 0.6 cmH2O (P less than 0.05) at a stroke work of 17.3 +/- 2.3 g.m. The value of dP/dt did not change significantly throughout. When LV function curves were generated by increasing cardiac output, the stroke work attained at an LVEDP of 10 cmH2O decreased with hemodilution from 23.9 +/- 3.5 to 20.8 +/- 3.9 g.m (NS). LV wall water content increased with hemodilution, from which it could be calculated that there was an 18.6% increase in LV mass. Thus, despite an increase in LV external girth demonstrated by LV circumferential gauges, it is possible that increased wall thickness due to the water gain resulted in little change or an actual decrease in LV end-diastolic volume. Thus, profound hemodilution can be attained with only slight depression of LV performance.

Lower body negative pressure vs. lower body positive pressure to prevent cardiac atrophy after bed rest and spaceflight. What caused the controversy?

2006 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 1090-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieta V. Pancheva ◽  
Vladimir S. Panchev ◽  
Adelina V. Suvandjieva
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
Bed Rest ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Loading Conditions ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Cardiac Atrophy ◽  
End Diastolic Volume ◽  
Lv Mass

Cardiac muscle adapts well to changes in loading conditions. For example, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy may be induced physiologically (via exercise training) or pathologically (via hypertension or valvular heart disease). If hypertension is treated, LV hypertrophy regresses, suggesting a sensitivity to LV work. However, whether physical inactivity in nonathletic populations causes adaptive changes in LV mass or even frank atrophy is not clear. We exposed previously sedentary men to 6 ( n = 5) and 12 ( n = 3) wk of horizontal bed rest. LV and right ventricular (RV) mass and end-diastolic volume were measured using cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 2, 6, and 12 wk of bed rest; five healthy men were also studied before and after at least 6 wk of routine daily activities as controls. In addition, four astronauts were exposed to the complete elimination of hydrostatic gradients during a spaceflight of 10 days. During bed rest, LV mass decreased by 8.0 ± 2.2% ( P = 0.005) after 6 wk with an additional atrophy of 7.6 ± 2.3% in the subjects who remained in bed for 12 wk; there was no change in LV mass for the control subjects (153.0 ± 12.2 vs. 153.4 ± 12.1 g, P = 0.81). Mean wall thickness decreased (4 ± 2.5%, P = 0.01) after 6 wk of bed rest associated with the decrease in LV mass, suggesting a physiological remodeling with respect to altered load. LV end-diastolic volume decreased by 14 ± 1.7% ( P = 0.002) after 2 wk of bed rest and changed minimally thereafter. After 6 wk of bed rest, RV free wall mass decreased by 10 ± 2.7% ( P = 0.06) and RV end-diastolic volume by 16 ± 7.9% ( P = 0.06). After spaceflight, LV mass decreased by 12 ± 6.9% ( P = 0.07). In conclusion, cardiac atrophy occurs during prolonged (6 wk) horizontal bed rest and may also occur after short-term spaceflight. We suggest that cardiac atrophy is due to a physiological adaptation to reduced myocardial load and work in real or simulated microgravity and demonstrates the plasticity of cardiac muscle under different loading conditions.

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