scholarly journals Sympathetic activation by the cold pressor test does not increase the muscle force generation capacity

2011 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 1526-1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvestro Roatta ◽  
Dario Farina
Keyword(s):  
Tibialis Anterior ◽  
Muscle Force ◽  
Short Pulse ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Type I ◽  
Sympathetic Activation ◽  
Inotropic Effects ◽  
Pressor Test

A positive inotropic action by the sympathetic nervous system on skeletal muscles has been observed and investigated in animal and in vitro studies. This action provided a theoretical basis for the putative ergogenic action of catecholamines and adrenergic agonists, although there is no clear evidence of this effect in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of inotropic effects associated to physiological sympathetic activation in healthy subjects. The muscle force capacity was investigated in the tibialis anterior ( n = 9 subjects) and in the soleus ( n = 9) muscles electrically stimulated with single pulses and double pulses with variable interspike interval (4–1,000 ms) and short pulse trains (frequency: 5–14 Hz) before, during, and after sympathetic activation by the cold pressor test (CPT). CPT significantly decreased by 10.4 ± 7.2 and 10.6 ± 4.4% the force produced by single and double pulse stimulation, respectively, and produced smaller decreases in the force obtained by train stimulation in the tibialis anterior, while no significant changes were observed in either type of contraction in the soleus muscle. CPT failed to induce any increase in the force capacity of the investigated muscles. The prevalent decrease in force evidenced in this study supports the concept that the weakening sympathetic action on type I fiber, already shown to occur in humans, prevails over the putative potentiating action.

Intracerebral vascular changes induced by cold pressor test: A model of sympathetic activation

1994 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Micieli ◽  
Cristina Tassorelli ◽  
Daniele Bosone ◽  
Anna Cavallini ◽  
Elena Viotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Sympathetic Activation ◽  
Vascular Changes ◽  
Pressor Test

SYSTEMIC ADENOSINE INCREASE DURING COLD PRESSOR TEST IS DEPENDENT ON SYMPATHETIC ACTIVATION

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 774-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCO LAGHI Pasini ◽  
PIER LEOPOLDO Capecchi ◽  
MARCELLA Colafati ◽  
PAOLA Randisi ◽  
LUCA Puccetti
Keyword(s):  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Sympathetic Activation ◽  
Pressor Test

scholarly journals Mitigating Initial Orthostatic Hypotension: Mechanistic Roles of Muscle Contraction Versus Sympathetic Activation

Hypertension ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasia Sheikh ◽  
Aaron A. Phillips ◽  
Shaun Ranada ◽  
Matthew Lloyd ◽  
Karolina Kogut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Sympathetic Activation ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Involuntary Muscle ◽  
Initial Orthostatic Hypotension

Background: Initial orthostatic hypotension (IOH) is defined by a large drop in blood pressure (BP) within 15 s of standing. IOH often presents during an active stand, but not with a passive tilt, suggesting that a muscle activation reflex involving lower body muscles plays an important role. To our knowledge, there is no literature exploring how sympathetic activation affects IOH. We hypothesized involuntary muscle contractions before standing would significantly reduce the drop in BP seen in IOH while increasing sympathetic activity would not. Methods: Study participants performed 4 sit-to-stand maneuvers including a mental stress test (serial 7 mental arithmetic stress test), cold pressor test, electrical stimulation, and no intervention. Continuous heart rate and beat-to-beat BP were measured. Cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance were estimated from these waveforms. Data are presented as mean±SD. Results: A total of 23 female IOH participants (31±8 years) completed the study. The drops in systolic BP following the serial 7 mental arithmetic stress test (−26±12 mm Hg; P =0.004), cold pressor test (−20±15 mm Hg; P <0.001), and electrical stimulation (−28±12 mm Hg; P =0.01) were significantly reduced compared with no intervention (−34±11 mm Hg). The drops in systemic vascular resistance following the serial 7 mental arithmetic stress test (−391±206 dyne×s/cm 5 ; P =0.006) and cold pressor test (−386±179 dyne×s/cm 5 ; P =0.011) were significantly reduced compared with no intervention (−488±173 dyne×s/cm 5 ). Cardiac output was significantly increased upon standing (7±2 L/min) compared with during the sit (6±1 L/min; P <0.001) for electrical stimulation. Conclusion: Sympathetic activation mitigates the BP response in IOH, while involuntary muscle contraction mitigates the BP response and reduces symptoms. Active muscle contractions may induce both of these mechanisms of action in their pretreatment of IOH. Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT03970551.

Sympathetic activation during the cold pressor test changes cerebral compliance

2011 ◽  
Vol 163 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
M.J. Falvo ◽  
M. Blatt ◽  
J.J. Jasien ◽  
B.M. Deegan ◽  
G. OLaighin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Sympathetic Activation ◽  
Pressor Test

Sympathetic activation decreases medium-sized arterial compliance in humans

1994 ◽  
Vol 267 (4) ◽  
pp. H1368-H1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Boutouyrie ◽  
P. Lacolley ◽  
X. Girerd ◽  
L. Beck ◽  
M. Safar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Arterial Compliance ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Sympathetic Activation ◽  
Pressor Test

This study used a precise noninvasive method in normotensive humans to determine the effects of sympathetic activation on arterial compliance. A recently developed, high-resolution echo-tracking system capable of measuring systolic/diastolic variations of arterial diameter was coupled to a Finapres system and used to calculate instantaneous systolic/diastolic pressure-diameter and compliance-pressure curves for a muscular medium-sized artery, the radial artery. Two standardized tests of sympathetic system activation, a cold pressor test (2 min) and a mental stress test (2 min of mental arithmetic), were performed at an interval of 8 days in random order in nine healthy volunteers [30 +/- 9 (SD) yr]. Radial arterial parameters were recorded every 30 s for 9 min, which included 2 min of cold pressor test or mental stress test. During both tests, radial arterial mean diameter did not change despite t he increase in mean arterial pressure (P < 0.001); stroke change in diameter decreased (P < 0.01), whereas pulse pressure increased (P < 0.01). Arterial compliance, calculated for the instantaneous level of mean arterial pressure, decreased significantly (P < 0.01). Compliance (C) calculated at 100 mmHg (C100) was arbitrarily chosen as a reference point for comparing compliance among the different periods of the test. C100 decreased significant (P < 0.05) during both tests (from 2.93 +/- 1.27 to 2.04 +/- 0.94 and from 3.29 +/- 1.73 to 2.63 +/- 1.55 mm2.mmHg-1.10(-3) during mental stress and the cold pressor test, respectively). These results indicate that sympathetic activation is able to decrease radial arterial compliance in healthy subjects. The reduction in arterial compliance probably resulted from complex interactions between changes in distending blood pressure and changes in radial arterial smooth muscle tone.

scholarly journals Cold Pressor Test Influences the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index in Healthy Overweight Young Adults

Pulse ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Supaporn Kulthinee ◽  
Nitirut Nernpermpisooth ◽  
Montatip Poomvanicha ◽  
Jidapa Satiphop ◽  
Thizanamadee Chuang-ngu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Arterial Stiffness ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Sympathetic Activation ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
Overweight Subjects

<b><i>Objective:</i></b> The cold pressor test (CPT) has been shown a potential sympathoexcitatory stimulus which increases aortic pulse wave velocity and the aortic augmentation index, suggesting that noninvasively, arterial stiffness parameters are altered by the CPT. The cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) is widely used for reflecting arterial stiffness, and the ankle-brachial index (ABI) for evaluating peripheral artery disease in obesity. We aimed to assess CAVI and ABI in overweight young adults in the context of sympathetic activation by using the CPT. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> 160 participants were divided into 2 groups: 86 normal-weight (body mass index [BMI] 18.50–22.99 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and 74 overweight (BMI ≥23 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). The CPT was performed by immersing a participant’s left hand into cold water (3–5°C) for 3 min, and CAVI and ABI assessment. <b><i>Results:</i></b> At baseline, the CAVI in the overweight group was significantly less than that in the normal-weight group (5.79 ± 0.85 vs. 6.10 ± 0.85; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). The mean arterial pressure (MAP) for overweight was significantly greater than that for normal-weight subjects (93.89 ± 7.31 vs. 91.10 ± 6.72; <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05). During the CPT, the CAVI increased in both normal-weight and overweight subjects, the CAVI value was greater during the CPT in overweight subjects by 14.36% (6.62 ± 0.95 vs. 5.79 ± 0.85, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05) and in normal-weight subjects by 8.03% (6.59 ± 1.20 vs. 6.10 ± 0.85, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.05) than those baseline values. The CPT evoked an increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), heart rate (HR,) and pulse pressure (PP) in both groups. After a 4-min CPT period, the CAVI returned values similar to the baseline values in both groups, and the SBP, DBP, MAP, and PP in overweight participants were significantly higher than those in normal-weight participants. However, there was no significant difference in the ABI at baseline, during CPT, and post-CPT in either group. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Our results indicated that the CAVI was influenced by sympathetic activation response to the CPT in both normal-weight and overweight young adults. Specifically, during the CPT, the percentage change of the CAVI in overweight response was greater in normal-weight participants than baseline values in each group. The ABI was not found significantly associated with CPT. These findings suggesting that sympathoexcitatory stimulus by CPT influence CAVI results.

Effect of generalised sympathetic activation by cold pressor test on cerebral haemodynamics in healthy humans

1998 ◽  
Vol 71 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 159-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvestro Roatta ◽  
Giuseppe Micieli ◽  
Daniele Bosone ◽  
Gianni Losano ◽  
Roberto Bini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Sympathetic Activation ◽  
Cerebral Haemodynamics ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Healthy Humans

scholarly journals Extra- and intracranial blood flow regulation during the cold pressor test: influence of age

2017 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 1071-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Flück ◽  
Philip N. Ainslie ◽  
Anthony R. Bain ◽  
Kevin W. Wildfong ◽  
Laura E. Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Young Group ◽  
Sympathetic Activation ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Arterial Blood

We determined how the extra- and intracranial circulations respond to generalized sympathetic activation evoked by a cold pressor test (CPT) and whether this is affected by healthy aging. Ten young [23 ± 2 yr (means ± SD)] and nine older (66 ± 3 yr) individuals performed a 3-min CPT by immersing the left foot into 0.8 ± 0.3°C water. Common carotid artery (CCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) diameter, velocity, and flow were simultaneously measured (duplex ultrasound) along with middle cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery mean blood velocity (MCAvmean and PCAvmean) and cardiorespiratory variables. The increases in heart rate (~6 beats/min) and mean arterial blood pressure (~14 mmHg) were similar in young and older groups during the CPT ( P < 0.01 vs. baseline). In the young group, the CPT elicited an ~5% increase in CCA diameter ( P < 0.01 vs. baseline) and a tendency for an increase in CCA flow (~12%, P = 0.08); in contrast, both diameter and flow remained unchanged in the older group. Although ICA diameter was not changed during the CPT in either group, ICA flow increased (~8%, P = 0.02) during the first minute of the CPT in both groups. Whereas the CPT elicited an increase in MCAvmean and PCAvmean in the young group (by ~20 and ~10%, respectively, P < 0.01 vs. baseline), these intracranial velocities were unchanged in the older group. Collectively, during the CPT, these findings suggest a differential mechanism(s) of regulation between the ICA compared with the CCA in young individuals and a blunting of the CCA and intracranial responses in older individuals. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sympathetic activation evoked by a cold pressor test elicits heterogeneous extra- and intracranial blood vessel responses in young individuals that may serve an important protective role. The extra- and intracranial responses to the cold pressor test are blunted in older individuals.

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