scholarly journals Effect of carbohydrate feeding on the bone metabolic response to running

2015 ◽  
Vol 119 (7) ◽  
pp. 824-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Sale ◽  
Ian Varley ◽  
Thomas W. Jones ◽  
Ruth M. James ◽  
Jonathan C. Y. Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Procollagen Type ◽  
Carbohydrate Feeding

Bone resorption is increased after running, with no change in bone formation. Feeding during exercise might attenuate this increase, preventing associated problems for bone. This study investigated the immediate and short-term bone metabolic responses to carbohydrate (CHO) feeding during treadmill running. Ten men completed two 7-day trials, once being fed CHO (8% glucose immediately before, every 20 min during, and immediately after exercise at a rate of 0.7 g CHO·kg body mass−1·h−1) and once being fed placebo (PBO). On day 4 of each trial, participants completed a 120-min treadmill run at 70% of maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2 max). Blood was taken at baseline (BASE), immediately after exercise (EE), after 60 (R1) and 120 (R2) min of recovery, and on three follow-up days (FU1-FU3). Markers of bone resorption [COOH-terminal telopeptide region of collagen type 1 (β-CTX)] and formation [NH2-terminal propeptides of procollagen type 1 (P1NP)] were measured, along with osteocalcin (OC), parathyroid hormone (PTH), albumin-adjusted calcium (ACa), phosphate, glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), insulin, cortisol, leptin, and osteoprotogerin (OPG). Area under the curve was calculated in terms of the immediate (BASE, EE, R1, and R2) and short-term (BASE, FU1, FU2, and FU3) responses to exercise. β-CTX, P1NP, and IL-6 responses to exercise were significantly lower in the immediate postexercise period with CHO feeding compared with PBO (β-CTX: P = 0.028; P1NP: P = 0.021; IL-6: P = 0.036), although there was no difference in the short-term response (β-CTX: P = 0.856; P1NP: P = 0.721; IL-6: P = 0.327). No other variable was significantly affected by CHO feeding during exercise. We conclude that CHO feeding during exercise attenuated the β-CTX and P1NP responses in the hours but not days following exercise, indicating an acute effect of CHO feeding on bone turnover.

scholarly journals Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) Reduces Bone Resorption in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikkel B Christensen ◽  
Asger B Lund ◽  
Niklas R Jørgensen ◽  
Jens J Holst ◽  
Tina Vilsbøll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Bone Resorption Marker ◽  
Bone Biomarkers ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Collagen Crosslinks ◽  
Procollagen Type ◽  
Placebo Infusion

Abstract Context In healthy individuals, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) enhances insulin secretion and reduces bone resorption by up to 25% estimated by absolute placebo-corrected changes in carboxy-terminal type 1 collagen crosslinks (CTX) during GIP and glucose administration. In patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), GIP’s insulinotropic effect is impaired and effects on bone may be reduced. Objective To investigate GIP’s effect on bone biomarkers in patients with T2D. Design Randomized, double-blinded, crossover study investigating 6 interventions. Patients Twelve male patients with T2D. Interventions A primed continuous 90-minute GIP infusion (2 pmol/kg/min) or matching placebo (saline) administered at 3 plasma glucose (PG) levels (i.e., paired days with “insulin-induced hypoglycemia” (PG lowered to 3 mmol/L), “fasting hyperglycemia” (mean PG ~8 mmol/L), or “aggravated hyperglycemia” (mean PG ~12 mmol/L). Main Outcome Measures Bone biomarkers: CTX, procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and PTH. Results On days with insulin-induced hypoglycemia, CTX was suppressed by up to 40 ± 15% during GIP administration compared with 12 ± 11% during placebo infusion (P < 0.0001). On days with fasting hyperglycemia, CTX was suppressed by up to 36 ± 15% during GIP administration, compared with 0 ± 9% during placebo infusion (P < 0.0001). On days with aggravated hyperglycemia, CTX was suppressed by up to 47 ± 23% during GIP administration compared with 10 ± 9% during placebo infusion (P = 0.0005). At all glycemic levels, P1NP and PTH concentrations were similar between paired days after 90 minutes. Conclusions Short-term GIP infusions reduce bone resorption by more than one-third (estimated by absolute placebo-corrected CTX reductions) in patients with T2DM, suggesting preserved bone effects of GIP in these patients. Précis Short-term GIP infusions reduce the bone resorption marker CTX by one-third in patients with type 2 diabetes independent of glycemic levels.

Strenuous exercise decreases the percentage of type 1 T cells in the circulation

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 1708-1712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Steensberg ◽  
Anders Dyhr Toft ◽  
Helle Bruunsgaard ◽  
Marie Sandmand ◽  
Jens Halkjær-Kristensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Peak Plasma ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Plasma Epinephrine ◽  
Lymphocyte Number

Prolonged strenuous exercise is followed by a temporary functional immune impairment. Low numbers of CD4+T helper (Th) and CD8+ T cytotoxic (Tc) cells are found in the circulation. These cells can be divided according to their cytokine profile into type 1 (Th1 and Tc1), which produce interferon-γ and interleukin (IL)-2, and type 2 (Th2 and Tc2) cells, which produce IL-4. The question addressed in the present study was whether exercise affected the relative balance between the circulating levels of these cytokine-producing T cells. Nine male runners performed treadmill running for 2.5 h at 75% of maximal oxygen consumption. The intracellular expression of cytokines was detected following stimulation with ionomycin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate in blood obtained before, during, and after exercise. The percentage of type 1 T cells in the circulation was suppressed at the end of exercise and 2 h after exercise, whereas no changes were found in the percentage of type 2 T cells. Plasma epinephrine correlated negatively with the percentage of circulating CD8+ T cells producing IL-2, whereas peak IL-6 correlated with the percentage of CD8+ IL-4-producing T cells in the circulation. Peak plasma IL-6 correlated with plasma cortisol postrunning. In conclusion, the postexercise decrease in T lymphocyte number is accompanied by a more pronounced decrease in type 1 T cells, which may be linked to high plasma epinephrine. Furthermore, IL-6 may stimulate type 2 T cells, thereby maintaining a relatively unaltered percentage of these cells in the circulation compared with total circulating lymphocyte number.

scholarly journals Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) Inhibits Bone Resorption Independently of Insulin and Glycemia

2017 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 288-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikkel B Christensen ◽  
Asger Lund ◽  
Salvatore Calanna ◽  
Niklas R Jørgensen ◽  
Jens J Holst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Insulin Release ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Saline Infusion ◽  
Bone Homeostasis ◽  
Collagen Crosslinks ◽  
Procollagen Type ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Gut Hormone

Abstract Context The gut hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) causes postprandial insulin release and inhibits bone resorption assessed by carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX). Objective To study if GIP affects bone homeostasis biomarkers independently of insulin release and glycemic level. Design Randomized, double-blinded, crossover study with 5 study days. Patients Ten male C-peptide-negative patients with type 1 diabetes. Interventions On 3 matched days with “low glycemia” (plasma glucose in the interval 3 to 7 mmol/L for 120 minutes), we administered intravenous (IV) GIP (4 pmol × kg−1 × min−1), glucagon-like peptide 1 (1 pmol × kg−1 × min−1), or placebo (saline), and on 2 matched days with “high glycemia” (plasma glucose 12 mmol/L for 90 minutes), we administered either GIP or saline. Main Outcome Measures CTX, procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP), and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Results During low glycemia: GIP progressively suppressed CTX from baseline by up to 59 ± 18% compared with 24 ± 10% during saline infusion (P < 0.0001). Absolute values of P1NP and PTH did not differ between days. During high glycemia: GIP suppressed CTX from baseline by up to 59 ± 19% compared with 7 ± 9% during saline infusion (P < 0.0001). P1NP did not differ between days. GIP suppressed PTH after 60 minutes compared with saline (P < 0.01), but this difference disappeared after 90 minutes. Conclusions Short-term GIP infusions robustly reduce bone resorption independently of endogenous insulin secretion and during both elevated and low plasma glucose, but have no effect on P1NP or PTH after 90 minutes.

scholarly journals Short-term effects of NPH insulin, insulin detemir, and insulin glargine on the GH–IGF1–IGFBP axis in patients with type 1 diabetes

2014 ◽  
Vol 171 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhulin Ma ◽  
Jens Sandahl Christiansen ◽  
Torben Laursen ◽  
Torsten Lauritzen ◽  
Jan Frystyk
Keyword(s):  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Glargine ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Insulin Detemir ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Nph Insulin ◽  
Igf Binding ◽  
Igf Binding Protein

ObjectiveInsulin regulates the GH–IGF1 axis. Insulin analogs differ from human insulin in receptor affinity and possibly liver accessibility. Therefore, we compared the GH–IGF1 axis response with human NPH insulin, insulin detemir, and insulin glargine in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D).MethodsA total of 17 patients (seven were women) with T1D (age of 42 (24–63) years (mean and range), BMI of 24.7 (19.5–28.3) kg/m2, HbA1c of 7.2 (6.3–8.0) % (55 (45–64) mmol/mol), T1D duration of 26 (8–45) years) were studied using a randomized, three-period crossover design. Patients received s.c. injections of equal, individual doses of NPH, detemir, and glargine at 1800 h. Plasma glucose, serum total IGF1, bioactive IGF, IGF-binding protein (IGFBPs), and GH were measured hourly for 14 h post-injection.ResultsWhen compared with the area under the curve (AUC) following NPH and glargine, detemir resulted in the lowest 6–14 h AUC (mean and range) of IGFBP1 (1518 (1280–1800)) vs 1621 (1367–1922) vs 1020 (860–1210) μg/l×h) and GH (17.1 (14.1–20.6) vs 15.4 (12.7–18.6) vs 10.2 (8.5–12.3) μg/l×h), but in the highest AUC of bioactive IGF (3.8 (3.5–4.2) vs 3.7 (3.4–4.0) vs 4.4 (4.1–4.8) μg/l×h) (allP<0.01). These differences were unrelated to plasma glucose. By contrast, profiles of total IGF1, IGFBP2, and IGFBP3 were comparable.ConclusionsIndependent of plasma glucose, a single dose of detemir caused larger suppression in serum IGFBP1 than NPH and glargine, whereas bioactive IGF was higher, thereby explaining the lower GH levels. Thus, detemir appears to be more liver specific than NPH insulin and glargine.

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationship of Bone Turnover Markers and Bone Mineral Density in Community-Dwelling Postmenopausal Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Xu Wei ◽  
Yili Zhang ◽  
Xinghua Xiang ◽  
Menghua Sun ◽  
Kai Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Procollagen Type ◽  
Turnover Markers ◽  
High Level

Aims. To explore the relationships of procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) and β cross-linked C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (β-CTX) with bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. Methods. All postmenopausal women were selected from a community-based case-control study. The anteroposterior L1-L4 and left proximal femur BMD were measured. P1NP and β-CTX were also collected and tested. The main correlation analysis was applied to explore the relationships of BMD, P1NP, and β-CTX. Results. The total 1055 postmenopausal women were enrolled. The BMD at all sites kept a decrease continually with age ( P < 0.01 ). In addition, the level of β-CTX increased significantly from 45 to 50 years old and remained at a high level in the later stage, while the level of P1NP changed little or even decreased with age. Logistic regression model showed that β-CTX has better ability to predict BMD than P1NP, as demonstrated by an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.63. Conclusion. P1NP and β-CTX are important markers to monitor bone metabolism. This trial is registered with ChiCTR-SOC-17013090. The date of registration is Oct. 23, 2017.

The role of exercise intensity in the bone metabolic response to an acute bout of weight-bearing exercise

2011 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. R. Scott ◽  
Craig Sale ◽  
Julie P. Greeves ◽  
Anna Casey ◽  
John Dutton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Bone Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Procollagen Type ◽  
Bone Formation Markers ◽  
Type Of Exercise ◽  
Collagen Type 1

We compared the effects of exercise intensity (EI) on bone metabolism during and for 4 days after acute, weight-bearing endurance exercise. Ten males [mean ± SD maximum oxygen uptake (V̇o2max): 56.2 ± 8.1 ml·min−1·kg−1] completed three counterbalanced 8-day trials. Following three control days, on day 4, subjects completed 60 min of running at 55%, 65%, and 75% V̇o2max. Markers of bone resorption [COOH-terminal telopeptide region of collagen type 1 (β-CTX)] and formation [NH2-terminal propeptides of procollagen type 1 (P1NP), osteocalcin (OC), bone-alkaline phosphatase (ALP)], osteoprotegerin (OPG), parathyroid hormone (PTH), albumin-adjusted calcium (ACa), phosphate (PO4), and cortisol were measured during and for 3 h after exercise and on four follow-up days (FU1–FU4). At 75% V̇o2max, β-CTX was not significantly increased from baseline by exercise but was higher compared with 55% (17–19%, P < 0.01) and 65% (11–13%, P < 0.05) V̇o2maxin the first hour postexercise. Concentrations were decreased from baseline in all three groups by 39–42% ( P < 0.001) at 3 h postexercise but not thereafter. P1NP increased ( P < 0.001) during exercise only, while bone-ALP was increased ( P < 0.01) at FU3 and FU4, but neither were affected by EI. PTH and cortisol increased ( P < 0.001) with exercise at 75% V̇o2maxonly and were higher ( P < 0.05) than at 55% and 65% V̇o2maxduring and immediately after exercise. The increases ( P < 0.001) in OPG, ACa, and PO4with exercise were not affected by EI. Increasing EI from 55% to 75% V̇o2maxduring 60 min of running resulted in higher β-CTX concentrations in the first hour postexercise but had no effect on bone formation markers. Increased bone-ALP concentrations at 3 and 4 days postexercise suggest a beneficial effect of this type of exercise on bone mineralization. The increase in OPG was not influenced by exercise intensity, whereas PTH was increased at 75% V̇o2maxonly, which cannot be fully explained by changes in serum calcium or PO4concentrations.

Insulin-mimetic effects of short-term Rapamycin in type 1 diabetic patients prior islet transplantation

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Ermetici ◽  
Silvia Briganti ◽  
Stefano Benedini ◽  
Roberto Codella ◽  
Paola Maffi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Islet Transplantation ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Insulin Mimetic ◽  
Type 1 Diabetic Patients

Bone turnover marker reference intervals in young females

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma T Callegari ◽  
Alexandra Gorelik ◽  
Suzanne M Garland ◽  
Cherie Y Chiang ◽  
John D Wark
Keyword(s):  
Bone Turnover ◽  
Bone Turnover Markers ◽  
Bone Turnover Marker ◽  
Reference Intervals ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Procollagen Type ◽  
Turnover Markers ◽  
Carboxy Terminal

Background The use of bone turnover markers in clinical practice and research in younger people is limited by the lack of normative data and understanding of common causes of variation in bone turnover marker values in this demographic. To appropriately interpret bone turnover markers, robust reference intervals specific to age, development and sex are necessary. This study aimed to determine reference intervals of bone turnover markers in females aged 16–25 years participating in the Safe-D study. Methods Participants were recruited through social networking site Facebook and were asked to complete an extensive, online questionnaire and attend a site visit. Participants were tested for serum carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen and total procollagen type 1 N-propeptide using the Roche Elecsys automated analyser. Reference intervals were determined using the 2.5th to 97.5th percentiles of normalized bone turnover marker values. Results Of 406 participants, 149 were excluded due to medical conditions or medication use (except hormonal contraception) which may affect bone metabolism. In the remaining 257 participants, the reference interval was 230–1000 ng/L for serum carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen and 27–131  µg/L for procollagen type 1 N-propeptide. Both marker concentrations were inversely correlated with age and oral contraceptive pill use. Therefore, intervals specific to these variables were calculated. Conclusions We defined robust reference intervals for cross-linking telopeptide of type 1 collagen and procollagen type 1 N-propeptide in young females grouped by age and contraceptive pill use. We examined bone turnover markers’ relationship with several lifestyle, clinical and demographic factors. Our normative intervals should aid interpretation of bone turnover markers in young females particularly in those aged 16 to 19 years where reference intervals are currently provisional.

scholarly journals Increased stress, weight gain and less exercise in relation to glycemic control in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e002035
Author(s):  
Merel M Ruissen ◽  
Hannah Regeer ◽  
Cyril P Landstra ◽  
Marielle Schroijen ◽  
Ingrid Jazet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Design And Methods

IntroductionLockdown measures have a profound effect on many aspects of daily life relevant for diabetes self-management. We assessed whether lockdown measures, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, differentially affect perceived stress, body weight, exercise and related this to glycemic control in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.Research design and methodsWe performed a short-term observational cohort study at the Leiden University Medical Center. People with type 1 and type 2 diabetes ≥18 years were eligible to participate. Participants filled out online questionnaires, sent in blood for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) analysis and shared data of their flash or continuous glucose sensors. HbA1c during the lockdown was compared with the last known HbA1c before the lockdown.ResultsIn total, 435 people were included (type 1 diabetes n=280, type 2 diabetes n=155). An increase in perceived stress and anxiety, weight gain and less exercise was observed in both groups. There was improvement in glycemic control in the group with the highest HbA1c tertile (type 1 diabetes: −0.39% (−4.3 mmol/mol) (p<0.0001 and type 2 diabetes: −0.62% (−6.8 mmol/mol) (p=0.0036). Perceived stress was associated with difficulty with glycemic control (p<0.0001).ConclusionsAn increase in perceived stress and anxiety, weight gain and less exercise but no deterioration of glycemic control occurs in both people with relatively well-controlled type 1 and type 2 diabetes during short-term lockdown measures. As perceived stress showed to be associated with glycemic control, this provides opportunities for healthcare professionals to put more emphasis on psychological aspects during diabetes care consultations.

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