scholarly journals Endurance exercise training effects on body fatness, V̇o2max, HDL-C subfractions, and glucose tolerance are influenced by aPLINhaplotype in older Caucasians

2010 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 498-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan T. Jenkins ◽  
Jennifer A. McKenzie ◽  
Coleen M. Damcott ◽  
Sarah Witkowski ◽  
James M. Hagberg
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Haplotype Group ◽  
Body Fatness ◽  
Major Haplotype ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Before And After

Perilipins are lipid droplet-coating proteins that regulate intracellular lipolysis in adipocytes. A haplotype of two perilipin gene ( PLIN) single nucleotide polymorphisms, 13041A>G and 14995A>T, has been previously associated with obesity risk. Furthermore, the available data indicate that this association may be modified by sex. We hypothesized that this haplotype would associate with body fatness, aerobic fitness, and a number of cardiovascular (CV) risk factor phenotypes before and after a 6-mo endurance exercise training program in sedentary older Caucasians. The major haplotype group (13041A/14995A; n = 57) had significantly lower body mass index (BMI) and body fatness compared with noncarriers of the AA haplotype ( n = 44) before the training intervention. Training improved body composition in both groups, but fatness remained higher in noncarriers than AA carriers after training. This fat retention in noncarriers blunted their maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max) adaptation to training. Female noncarriers had substantially higher concentrations of several conventionally and NMR-measured HDL-C subfractions than male noncarriers before and after training, but only minimal differences were found between the sexes in the AA haplotype group. Haplotype group differences in baseline and after-training responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) also differed by sex, as noncarrier men had the highest baseline area under the insulin curve (insulin AUC), but were the only group to significantly improve insulin AUC with training. The insulin sensitivity index and plasma glucose responses to the OGTT were more favorable in AA carriers than noncarriers before and after training. Overall, our findings suggest that PLIN variation explains some of the interindividual differences in the response of obesity and CV phenotypes to exercise training. Furthermore, these data contribute to the growing understanding of PLIN as a candidate gene for human obesity and the cardiometabolic consequences of excess adiposity.

Regional vascular resistance during exercise: role of cardiac afferents and exercise training

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (3) ◽  
pp. H842-H847 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. DiCarlo ◽  
V. S. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Vagal Afferents ◽  
Inhibitory Influence ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Exercise Training Program ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Regional Vascular Resistance ◽  
Cardiac Afferents

This study was designed to determine whether cardiac vagal afferents exert an inhibitory influence on increases in regional vascular resistance during exercise and to determine whether endurance exercise training enhances the inhibitory influence of cardiac vagal afferents. We measured changes in regional vascular resistance in 12 rabbits at rest and during running at 12.6 m/min, 20% grade, before and after reversible denervation of cardiac afferents (intrapericardial procainamide HCl, 2%). In addition, these procedures were repeated in five of these rabbits following an 8-wk endurance exercise training program. Because intrapericardial injections of procainamide anesthetize both the efferent as well as the afferent innervation to the heart, it was necessary to determine the effects of blocking the efferent innervation on the regulation of regional vascular resistance during exercise. Rabbits were instrumented with Doppler ultrasonic flow probes around the renal (R), mesenteric (M), ascending, and terminal aortic (TA) arteries. Catheters were positioned in the central ear artery and vein and pericardial sac. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, R, M, TA, and systemic (S) resistances were determined. Exercise changed R (+37 +/- 4%), M (+88 +/- 9%), TA (-62 +/- 6%), and S (-34 +/- 3) resistances. Subsequent cardiac efferent blockade alone had no significant effect on regional vascular resistance during exercise. Combined efferent and afferent blockade resulted in significant increases in R (+62 +/- 6%) and M resistance (+134 +/- 13%) but did not alter TA (-51 +/- 4%) or S (-27 +/- 2%) resistance during exercise. Exercise training significantly enhanced the inhibitory influence of cardiac afferents on R and M regional vascular resistance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Influence of endurance exercise training status and gender on postexercise hypotension

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 2368-2374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette N. Senitko ◽  
Nisha Charkoudian ◽  
John R. Halliwill
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Postexercise Hypotension

In sedentary individuals, postexercise hypotension after a single bout of aerobic exercise is due to a peripheral vasodilation. Endurance exercise training has the potential to modify this response and perhaps reduce the degree of postexercise hypotension. We tested the hypothesis that endurance exercise-trained men and women would have blunted postexercise hypotension compared with sedentary subjects but that the mechanism of hypotension would be similar (i.e., vasodilation). We studied 16 endurance-trained and 16 sedentary men and women. Arterial pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance were determined before and after a single 60-min bout of exercise at 60% peak oxygen consumption. All groups exhibited a similar degree of postexercise hypotension (∼4–5 mmHg; P < 0.05 vs. preexercise). In sedentary men and women, hypotension was the result of vasodilation (Δresistance: −8.9 ± 2.2%). In endurance-trained women, hypotension was also the result of vasodilation (−8.1 ± 4.1%). However, in endurance-trained men, hypotension was the result of a reduced cardiac output (−5.2 ± 2.4%; P < 0.05 vs. all others) and vasodilation was absent (−0.7 ± 3.3%; P < 0.05 vs. all others). Thus we conclude the magnitude of postexercise hypotension is similar in sedentary and endurance-trained men and women but that endurance-trained men and women achieve this fall in pressure via different mechanisms.

scholarly journals Effects of 10 Days of Endurance Exercise Training on the Suppression of Whole Body and Regional Lipolysis by Insulin1

2000 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 1498-1504
Author(s):  
R. C. Hickner ◽  
S. B. Racette ◽  
E. F. Binder ◽  
J. S. Fisher ◽  
W. M. Kohrt
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Basal Plasma

The aim of this study was to evaluate in premenopausal women (10 sedentary obese women) the effects of 10 days of exercise on the suppression of whole body and regional lipolysis by insulin. Lipolysis was determined using 2H5-glycerol infusion and microdialysis of sc adipose tissue during a two-stage hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp [10 (LO) and 20 (MO) mU/m·min]. Microdialysis probes were positioned in abdominal and femoral sc adipose tissue to monitor interstitial glycerol and blood flow. Basal plasma glycerol was 86.7 ± 17.0 and 100.3 ± 19.8 μmol/L before and after training, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). Plasma glycerol was suppressed to a greater extent after [to 47 ± 5% (LO) and 42 ± 5% (MO) of basal] than before [to 62 ± 8% (LO) and 55 ± 8% (MO) of basal] training. The rate of appearance of glycerol was suppressed to 49 ± 7% and 40 ± 5% of basal during LO and to 38 ± 5% and 30 ± 4% of basal during MO (P &lt; 0.05) before and after training, respectively. There were no differences in the suppression of lipolysis in abdominal as well as femoral sc adipose tissue as evidenced by similar reductions in dialysate glycerol levels before and after training in each of these tissues. The results indicate that the antilipolytic response to insulin can be improved through endurance exercise training. Intraabdominal adipose tissue or skeletal muscle may be the site of improved antilipolytic response to insulin after training, as improvement was not evident in abdominal or femoral sc adipose tissue.

Norepinephrine response to exercise at the same relative intensity before and after endurance exercise training

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 531-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Greiwe ◽  
Robert C. Hickner ◽  
Suresh D. Shah ◽  
Philip E. Cryer ◽  
John O. Holloszy
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Relative Intensity ◽  
Exercise Intensity ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Relative Exercise Intensity ◽  
Catecholamine Response ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Response To Exercise

It is well documented that endurance exercise training results in a blunted norepinephrine (NE) response to exercise of a given absolute exercise intensity. However, it is not clear what effect training has on the catecholamine response to exercise of the same relative intensity because previous studies have provided conflicting results. The purpose of the present study was, therefore, to determine the catecholamine response to exercise of the same relative exercise intensity before and after endurance exercise training. Six women and three men [age 28 ± 8 (SD) yr] performed 10 wk of training. Maximal O2 uptake (V˙o 2 max) was determined during treadmill exercise. Fifteen-minute treadmill exercise bouts were performed at 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, and 85% ofV˙o 2 max before and after training.V˙o 2 max was increased by 20% (from 39.2 ± 7.7 to 46.9 ± 8.1 ml ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1; P < 0.05) in response to training. Plasma NE concentrations were higher ( P < 0.05) during exercise at the same relative intensity after, compared with before, training at 65–85% ofV˙o 2 max .Differences between heart rates and plasma epinephrine concentrations after, compared with before, training were not statistically significant. These results provide evidence that the NE response to exercise is dependent on the absolute as well as the relative intensity of the exercise.

Endurance exercise training decreases capillary basement membrane width in older nondiabetic and diabetic adults

1996 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Williamson ◽  
P. L. Hoffmann ◽  
W. M. Kohrt ◽  
R. J. Spina ◽  
A. R. Coggan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Sedentary Control ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Older Men And Women

The objectives of these studies were to 1) evaluate the relationships among age, glucose intolerance, and skeletal muscle capillary basement membrane (CBM) width (CBMW) and 2) determine the effects of exercise training on CBMW by comparing values of young (28 +/- 4 yr) and older (63 +/- 7 yr) athletes with those of age-matched sedentary control subjects and by measuring CBMW in older men and women before and after a 9-mo endurance-exercise training program. CBMW was measured in tissue samples obtained from the gastrocnemius muscle. CBMW in sedentary 64 +/- 3-yr-old subjects was 25% thicker than in sedentary 24 +/- 3-yr-old subjects. CBMW was similar in young and older athletes and was thinner than the CBMW of age-matched sedentary control subjects. There were no differences in CBMW among older sedentary individuals with normal or impaired glucose tolerance or mild non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nine months of endurance exercise training reduced CBMW in older men and women by 30-40%, to widths that were not different from those of the young subjects; this response was independent of glucose tolerance status. These findings suggest that habitual exercise prevents the thickening of the skeletal muscle CBM that is characteristic of advancing age. Moreover, the thickening of the CBM appears to be readily reversed as a result of exercise training, even in older individuals.

Endurance exercise training does not alter lipolytic or adipose tissue blood flow sensitivity to epinephrine

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (2) ◽  
pp. E325-E331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey F. Horowitz ◽  
Renata J. Braudy ◽  
Wade H. Martin ◽  
Samuel Klein
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Plasma Epinephrine ◽  
Epinephrine Infusion ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Adipose Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Epinephrine Concentration

We evaluated the relationship between lipolysis and adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) in response to epinephrine and the effect of endurance exercise training on these responses. Five healthy untrained men underwent a four-stage incremental epinephrine infusion (0.00125, 0.005, 0.0125, and 0.025 μg ⋅ kg fat free mass−1 ⋅ min−1) plus hormonal clamp before and after 16 wk of cycle ergometry exercise training. Whole body glycerol and free fatty acid (FFA) rates of appearance (Ra) in plasma were determined by stable isotope methodology, and ATBF was assessed by133Xe clearance. After each training session, subjects were fed the approximate number of calories expended during exercise to prevent changes in body weight. Glycerol Ra, FFA Ra, and ATBF increased when plasma epinephrine concentration reached 0.8 nM, but at plasma epinephrine concentrations >1.6 nM ATBF plateaued, whereas lipolysis continued to increase. Exercise training increased peak oxygen uptake by 24 ± 7% (2.9 ± 0.2 vs. 3.6 ± 0.1 l/min; P < 0.05) but did not alter body weight [70.5 ± 3.8 vs. 72.0 ± 3.8 kg; P = nonsignificant (NS)] or percent body fat (18.4 ± 1.6 vs. 17.8 ± 1.9%; P = NS). Lipolytic and ATBF responses to epinephrine were also the same before and after training. We conclude that the lipolytic and ATBF responses to epinephrine are coordinated when plasma epinephrine concentration is ≤1.6 nM, but that at higher epinephrine concentrations, lipolysis continues to increase while ATBF remains constant. Endurance exercise training does not change lipolytic or ATBF sensitivity to epinephrine infusion in vivo during resting conditions.

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