Evidence of skeletal muscle damage following electrically stimulated isometric muscle contractions in humans

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 1620-1627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail L. Mackey ◽  
Jens Bojsen-Moller ◽  
Klaus Qvortrup ◽  
Henning Langberg ◽  
Charlotte Suetta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Creatine Kinase Activity ◽  
Muscle Contractions ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

It is unknown whether muscle damage at the level of the sarcomere can be induced without lengthening contractions. To investigate this, we designed a study where seven young, healthy men underwent 30 min of repeated electrical stimulated contraction of m. gastrocnemius medialis, with the ankle and leg locked in a fixed position. Two muscle biopsies were collected 48 h later: one from the stimulated muscle and one from the contralateral leg as a control. The biopsies were analyzed immunohistochemically for inflammatory cell infiltration and intermediate filament disruption. Ultrastructural changes at the level of the z-lines were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. Blood samples were collected for measurement of creatine kinase activity, and muscle soreness was assessed in the days following stimulation. The biopsies from the stimulated muscle revealed macrophage infiltration and desmin-negative staining in a small percentage of myofibers in five and four individuals, respectively. z-Line disruption was evident at varying magnitudes in all subjects and displayed a trend toward a positive correlation ( r = 0.73, P = 0.0663) with the force produced by stimulation. Increased muscle soreness in all subjects, combined with a significant increase in creatine kinase activity ( P < 0.05), is indirectly suggestive of muscle damage, and the novel findings of the present study, i.e., 1) macrophages infiltration, 2) lack of desmin staining, and 3) z-line disruption, provide direct evidence of damage at the myofiber and sarcomere levels. These data support the hypothesis that muscle damage at the level of the sarcomere can be induced without lengthening muscle contractions.

Low-intensity eccentric contractions of the knee extensors and flexors protect against muscle damage

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 1004-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Ju Lin ◽  
Trevor Chung-Ching Chen ◽  
Hsin-Lian Chen ◽  
Bo-Han Wu ◽  
Kazunori Nosaka
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Creatine Kinase Activity ◽  
Eccentric Contractions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Low Intensity

This study investigated the magnitude and duration of the protective effect of low-intensity eccentric contractions (LowEC) against damage induced by maximal eccentric contractions (MaxEC) of the knee flexors (KF) and extensors (KE). Young men were assigned to 8 experimental groups and 2 control groups (n = 13/group); the experimental groups performed LowEC of KF or KE 2 days (2d), 1 week (1wk), 2 weeks (2wk), or 3 weeks (3wk) before MaxEC, while the control groups performed MaxEC of KF or KE without LowEC. The 2d, 1wk, 2wk, and 3wk groups performed 30 LowEC of KF or 60 LowEC of KE with a load of 10% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction strength on a resistance-training machine, and all groups performed 30 MaxEC of KF or 60 MaxEC of KE on an isokinetic dynamometer. Several muscle damage markers were measured from before to 2 days after exercise (LowEC) or from before to 5 days after exercise (MaxEC). No significant changes in any variables were evident after LowEC. The changes in all variables after MaxEC were smaller (P < 0.05) for the 2d and 1wk groups (e.g., peak creatine kinase activity: 1002 ± 501 IU/L; peak muscle soreness: 13 ± 5 mm) than for the control group (peak creatine kinase activity: 3005 ± 983 IU/L; peak muscle soreness 28 ± 6 mm) for both KE and KF. There were no significant differences between the 2d and 1wk groups or among the 2wk, 3wk, and control groups. These results show that LowEC provided 30%–66% protection against damage induced by MaxEC of KF and KE, and the protective effect lasted 1 week.

Skeletal muscle collagen content in humans after high-force eccentric contractions

2004 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail L. Mackey ◽  
Alan E. Donnelly ◽  
Taina Turpeenniemi-Hujanen ◽  
Helen P. Roper
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
Creatine Kinase Activity ◽  
Serum Creatine Kinase ◽  
Muscle Contractions ◽  
Tissue Inhibitors Of Metalloproteinases ◽  
Eccentric Contractions ◽  
Knee Extensors ◽  
Type Iv

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of high-force eccentric muscle contractions on collagen remodeling and on circulating levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) in humans. Nine volunteers [5 men and 4 women, mean age 23 (SD 4) yr] each performed a bout of 100 maximum voluntary eccentric contractions of the knee extensors. Muscle biopsies were taken before exercise and on days 4 and 22 afterward. Image analysis of stained tissue sections was used to quantify endomysial collagen staining intensity. Maximum voluntary contractile isometric force was recorded preexercise and on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, and 14 postexercise. Venipuncture blood samples were also drawn on these days for measurement of serum creatine kinase activity and concentrations of MMP-9, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and the MMP-2/TIMP-2 complex. Maximum voluntary contractile force declined by 39 ± 23% (mean ± SD) on day 2 postexercise and recovered thereafter. Serum creatine kinase activity peaked on day 4 postexercise ( P < 0.01). Collagen type IV staining intensity increased significantly on day 22 postexercise to 126 ± 29% (mean ± SD) of preexercise values ( P < 0.05). Serum MMP-9 levels increased on day 8 postexercise ( P < 0.01), and serum TIMP-1 was also significantly elevated on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 14 postexercise ( P < 0.05). These results suggest that a single bout of eccentric muscle contractions results in remodeling of endomysial type IV collagen, possibly via the MMP pathway.

Plasma creatine kinase activity and exercise-induced muscle damage in older men

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1028???1034 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS G. MANFREDI ◽  
ROGER A. FIELDING ◽  
KEVIN P. O??REILLY ◽  
CAROL N. MEREDITH ◽  
HO YONG LEE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Creatine Kinase Activity ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Plasma Creatine Kinase ◽  
Plasma Creatine Kinase Activity

Myoglobinemia after burn injury: relationship to creatine kinase activity in serum.

1986 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 857-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Guechot ◽  
N Lioret ◽  
L Cynober ◽  
C Letort ◽  
R Saizy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Biological Markers ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Creatine Kinase Activity ◽  
Burn Patients ◽  
Thermal Burn ◽  
Burn Depth

Abstract Myoglobin is released into the blood after burn injury. We measured it and other analytes in blood collected from 22 burn patients two to seven times during their recovery. There was a significant correlation between myoglobinemia and creatine kinase (CK) activity in serum (r = 0.764; p less than 0.001). In a group of 14 thermal-burn subjects a correlation was found between burn depth (clinically expressed as Unit Burn Surface) and both myoglobinemia (r = 0.825; p less than 0.01) and CK activity (r = 0.686; p less than 0.01). In eight thermal-burn patients who were recovering satisfactorily, myoglobin and CK activity measured on days 2, 4, 7, 10, and 13 after injury were significantly increased (p less than 0.05) on days 2, 4, and 7. Evidently myoglobinemia and CK activity are good biological markers of burn depth, and reflect muscle damage equally well.

Serum Creatine Kinase Activity and Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness in Prepubescent Children: A Preliminary Study

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauri M. Webber ◽  
William C. Byrnes ◽  
Thomas W. Rowland ◽  
Vicky L. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Creatine Kinase Activity ◽  
Serum Creatine Kinase ◽  
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Delayed Onset ◽  
Single Bout ◽  
The Difference

Although delayed onset muscle soreness and increased serum creatine kinase activity (SCKA) following unaccustomed exercise is common in adults, little is known concerning these responses in children. The perception of muscle soreness and SCKA in children (n = 16) (M age = 10.4±.30 yr) was compared to a control group of adults (n = 15) (M age = 27.1±.87 yr) following a single bout of downhill running (30 min − 10% grade). Preexercise SCKA was not significantly different between the children (91.7±8.5 μmol•L−1•min−1) and the adults (77.1±5.9 μmol•L−1•min−1). The difference in SCKA (pre to 24 hours post) was significantly less (p<.01) for the children (68.6±16.2 μmol•L−1•min−1) than for the adults (188.7±36.8 μmol•L−1•min−1). When the groups were adjusted for weight differences, SCKA was not significantly different between the adults and the children. Regardless of age, males demonstrated a significantly greater increase in SCKA postexercise when compared to females. Soreness ratings (verbally anchored scale from 1 to 10) 24 hours following the downhill run were not significantly different between the children (3.8±.6) and the adults (4.5±.7). Following an eccentrically biased exercise task, children exhibited less of a SCKA response compared to adults that is related to body weight.

Gender differences in muscle inflammation after eccentric exercise

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 2325-2332 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Stupka ◽  
S. Lowther ◽  
K. Chorneyko ◽  
J. M. Bourgeois ◽  
C. Hogben ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Creatine Kinase Activity ◽  
Blue Staining ◽  
Positive Staining

Unaccustomed exercise is followed by delayed-onset muscle soreness and morphological changes in skeletal muscle. Animal studies have demonstrated that women have an attenuated response to muscle damage. We studied the effect of eccentric exercise in untrained male ( n = 8) and female ( n = 8) subjects using a unilateral exercise design [exercise (Ex) and control (Con) legs]. Plasma granulocyte counts [before (Pre) and 48 h after exercise (+48h)] and creatine kinase activity [Pre, 24 h after exercise (+24h), +48h, and 6 days after exercise (+6d)] were determined before (Pre) and after (+24h, +48h, +6d) exercise, with biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis of each leg at +48h for determination of muscle damage and/or inflammation. Plasma granulocyte counts increased for men and decreased for women at +48h ( P < 0.05), and creatine kinase activity increased for both genders at +48h and +6d ( P < 0.01). There were significantly greater areas of both focal ( P < 0.001) and extensive ( P < 0.01) damage in the Ex vs. Con leg for both genders, which was assessed by using toluidine blue staining. The number of leukocyte common antigen-positive cells/mm2 tissue increased with exercise ( P< 0.05), and men tended to show more in their Ex vs. Con leg compared with women ( P = 0.052). Men had a greater total (Ex and Con legs) number of bcl-2-positive cells/mm2 tissue vs. women ( P < 0.05). Atrophic fibers with homogeneous bcl-2-positive staining were seen only in men ( n = 3). We conclude that muscle damage is similar between genders, yet the inflammatory response is attenuated in women vs. men. Finally, exercise may stimulate the expression of proteins involved in apoptosis in skeletal muscle.

Relations between muscle soreness and biochemical and functional outcomes of eccentric exercise

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 2976-2983 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Rodenburg ◽  
P. R. Bar ◽  
R. W. De Boer
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Eccentric Exercise ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Large Change ◽  
Creatine Kinase Activity ◽  
Force Extension ◽  
Objective Outcomes ◽  
Male Subjects

Correlations between functional and biochemical outcomes of eccentric exercise and between these outcomes and “delayed-onset muscle soreness” (DOMS) were studied. Maximal isotonic force, extension and flexion angle of the elbow, creatine kinase activity, and myoglobin concentration in serum were measured in 27 male subjects during 5 days after 120 maximal eccentric contractions of the forearm flexors. Significant correlations were found between values at 1 to 96 h after exercise for force (r = 0.55 to 0.96), flexion (0.52 to 0.94), extension (0.41 to 0.95), and myoglobin (0.55 to 0.97) and at 24 to 96 h for creatine kinase (0.67 to 0.96) and DOMS (0.45 to 0.72). Clusters of significant correlations (0.32 to 0.91) were found among all functional and biochemical measures. DOMS, however, showed only few and lower correlations with the other parameters (0.34 to 0.63). These results can practically be interpreted as follows: 1) subjects need more time to recover completely when early deviations after eccentric exercise are large, 2) a large change in one measure is accompanied by large deviations in other measures, and 3) objective outcomes of eccentric exercise are more accurate parameters than a DOMS score for use in effect studies.

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