Selective Expression of Electrical Correlates of Differential Appetitive Classical Conditioning in a Feeding Network

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Jones ◽  
György Kemenes ◽  
Paul R. Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Lymnaea Stagnalis ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Stimulus Generalization ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Behavioral Conditioning ◽  
Touch Stimulus

Electrical correlates of differential appetitive classical conditioning were recorded in the neural network that underlies feeding in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. In spaced training (15 trials over 3 days), the lips and the tentacle were used as CS+ (reinforced conditioned stimulus) or CS− (nonreinforced conditioned stimulus) sites for behavioral tactile conditioning. In one group of experimental animals, touch to the lips (the CS+ site) was followed by sucrose (the unconditioned stimulus, US), but touch to the tentacle (the CS− site) was not reinforced. In a second experimental group the CS+/CS− sites were reversed. Semi-intact lip-tentacle-CNS preparations were made from both experimental groups and a naive control group. Intracellular recordings were made from the B3 motor neuron of the feeding network, which allowed the monitoring of activity in the feeding central pattern generator (CPG) interneurons as well as early synaptic inputs evoked by the touch stimulus. Following successful behavioral conditioning, the touch stimulus evoked CPG-driven fictive feeding activity at the CS+ but not the CS− sites in both experimental groups. Naive snails/preparations showed no touch responses. A weak asymmetrical stimulus generalization of conditioned feeding was not retained at the electrophysiological level. An early excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) response to touch was only enhanced following conditioning in the Lip CS+/tentacle CS− group but not in the Tentacle CS+/lip CS− group. The results show that the main features of differential appetitive classical conditioning can be recorded at the electrophysiological level, but some characteristics of the conditioned response are selectively expressed in the reduced preparation.

Development of Three-Dimensional DC Electric Field Stimulation Bio-Reactor for Axonal Outgrowth Enhancement

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shohei Tanaka ◽  
Ryota Sakiyama ◽  
Koji Yamamoto ◽  
Yusuke Morita ◽  
Eiji Nakamachi
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
3D Culture ◽  
Collagen Gel ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Axonal Outgrowth ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Dc Electric Field ◽  
Current Electric Field

Numerous studies of electrical stimulation effects on the nerve regeneration have been carried out. However, there were very few investigations which adopt the 3D culture that mimics the in vivo environment. In this study, we designed and fabricated a new 3D direct current electric field (DCEF) stimulation bio-reactor and investigated the effectiveness on the axonal outgrowth enhancement. We searched an optimum structure using the finite element (FE) analyses to obtain a uniform DCEF in the culture region. A measurement result of DCEF strength showed an agreement with FE results. The rat phenocromocytoma cells (PC12) were disseminated in the collagen gel and 3D culture was performed. We observed the morphologies of cell bodies and neurites using the multiphoton excitation fluorescence microscope (MPM). Both increases in 11.3% of mean axonal length and in 4.2% of axogenesis rate, under the condition of 5.0 mV/mm on 6 hours a day for 4 days, were obtained. Further, there was a tendency of longer connecting distance between cell bodies in the DCEF group than one in the Control group. As a result, we validated the efficacies of our stimulation, both for the axonal extension and the neural network generation, using our newly developed bio-reactor.

Preference conditioning alters taste responses in the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (4) ◽  
pp. R1230-R1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara K. Giza ◽  
Karen Ackroff ◽  
Stuart A. McCaughey ◽  
Anthony Sclafani ◽  
Thomas R. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Aversive Conditioning ◽  
Total Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Solitary Tract ◽  
Neural Signal ◽  
Aversive Stimuli ◽  
Group Control ◽  
Preference Conditioning

Aversive conditioning has an impact on the neural signal for the gustatory conditioned stimulus (CS). Here, we determined whether the code is also affected by preference conditioning. We paired the taste of MgCl2 (CS+) with intragastric nutrients in some rats (MG), and citric acid (CS+) with nutrients in others (CI). A control group (Control) experienced both tastants without nutrients. Preferences (>90%) developed for each CS+. We recorded responses to 16 taste stimuli in the nucleus of the solitary tract. Responsiveness of acid-oriented neurons to MgCl2 in MG rats was lower than in Controls, and its profile was more distinct from those of acidic and bitter stimuli. Total activity to citric acid was unchanged in CI rats. However, its temporal profile showed a decreased phasic component, making citric acid temporally distinct from nonsugars. Therefore, the responses to both CS+ were modified, each in its own manner, to be more distinct from those of aversive stimuli. The effects of preference conditioning, however, were weaker than those of aversive conditioning.

Classical conditioning of ventilatory responses in humans

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 676-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Gallego ◽  
P. Perruchet
Keyword(s):  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Cycle Duration ◽  
Conditioning Experiment ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Experimental Group

A classical conditioning experiment, in which an auditory stimulus was paired with a hypoxic stimulus, was carried out on 34 normal subjects assigned to two groups (experimental and control). Each subject took part in one session divided into two phases, acquisition and test. In the acquisition phase, eight hypoxic and eight auditory stimuli were paired in the experimental group and unpaired in the control group. In the test phase, which was identical for the two groups, the hypoxic stimuli were suppressed and three purely auditory stimuli were presented. Significant differences between the two groups in ventilatory response to these auditory stimuli provided evidence for conditioning. In the control group, no significant changes were elicited by the auditory stimuli, whereas a conditioned increase in total cycle duration was observed in the experimental group. The conditioned response closely resembled the first component of the hypoxic response. Analysis of the pattern of the conditioned response, along with postexperimental interviews, strongly suggests that this response was not mediated by volitional factors.

An Effective Paradigm for Conditioning Visual Perception in Human Subjects

Perception ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 663-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Davies ◽  
Geoffrey L Davies ◽  
Spencer Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Unconditioned Stimulus ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Image Sequences ◽  
Mental Process ◽  
Visual Responses

Repeated pairing of an auditory conditioned stimulus with a weak visual unconditioned stimulus produced extended image sequences and visual responses conditioned to the tone alone. The experiment is set into the context of Pavlov's view of Helmholtz's “unconscious inference” thus providing experimental evidence linking the higher mental process of perception with classical conditioning.

Failure and its Relationship to the Social Facilitation Effect: Evidence for a Learned Drive Interpretation of the Social Facilitation Effect

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 823-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. Lombardo ◽  
John F. Catalano
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Stimulus ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Social Facilitation ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Facilitation Effect ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complex Motor ◽  
Drive Effect

Social facilitation theory states that an audience functions as a conditioned stimulus for generalized drive and that this drive effect is learned through classical conditioning. In the present study an attempt was made to condition classically an aversive drive to an audience by having a subject fail a task in front of an audience. A sample of 61 subjects took part in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Half of the subjects did not perform a first task but only a complex motor task. Half of these subjects performed in the presence of an audience, half without an audience present. Of those subjects exposed to failure on the first task, half performed a second complex motor task in the presence of the same audience. Results indicated that performance of subjects who failed a first task in the presence of an audience and then performed the second task in the presence of that audience was significantly poorer than all of the other groups. The findings were taken as evidence that the social facilitation effect may be based on an aversive learned drive.

Intermodal Stimulus Generalization and Retention of Habituation in Earthworms

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Gilpin ◽  
Stanley C. Ratner
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
White Light ◽  
Intertrial Interval ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Stimulus Generalization ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Three Phases

50 mature earthworms ( L. terrestris) were assigned randomly to one of five stimulus conditions in an experiment with three phases. In Phase I Group Light-Vibration-Light received 2-sec. presentations of white light (with an 18-sec. intertrial interval) to an habituation criterion; in Phase II vibration was presented on the same schedule; and in Phase III, which began 2 hr. after the end of Phase I, presentations of light were given. Group Vibration-Light-Vibration received vibration in Phases I and III and light in Phase II; Groups Vibration-Rest-Vibration and Light-Rest-Light received no stimulation in Phase II. A control group was observed on the same schedule but received no stimuli. Results indicated that previous habituation to one stimulus reduced responses to the other stimulus, regardless of the type of stimulation (stimulus generalization). Retention of habituation from Phase I to Phase III was reduced in Group Light-Vibration-Light but not Group Vibration-Light-Vibration, relative to their counterparts receiving rest in Phase II. Thus results indicated that the effects of habituation in this organism depend on the presence of stimuli from other modalities.

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