Intermodal Stimulus Generalization and Retention of Habituation in Earthworms

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Gilpin ◽  
Stanley C. Ratner
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
White Light ◽  
Intertrial Interval ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Stimulus Generalization ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Three Phases

50 mature earthworms ( L. terrestris) were assigned randomly to one of five stimulus conditions in an experiment with three phases. In Phase I Group Light-Vibration-Light received 2-sec. presentations of white light (with an 18-sec. intertrial interval) to an habituation criterion; in Phase II vibration was presented on the same schedule; and in Phase III, which began 2 hr. after the end of Phase I, presentations of light were given. Group Vibration-Light-Vibration received vibration in Phases I and III and light in Phase II; Groups Vibration-Rest-Vibration and Light-Rest-Light received no stimulation in Phase II. A control group was observed on the same schedule but received no stimuli. Results indicated that previous habituation to one stimulus reduced responses to the other stimulus, regardless of the type of stimulation (stimulus generalization). Retention of habituation from Phase I to Phase III was reduced in Group Light-Vibration-Light but not Group Vibration-Light-Vibration, relative to their counterparts receiving rest in Phase II. Thus results indicated that the effects of habituation in this organism depend on the presence of stimuli from other modalities.

scholarly journals Effectivness of the GnRH analogue deslorelin as a reversible contraceptive in a neotropical primate, the Common Marmoset Callithrix Jacchus (Mammalia: Primates: Callitrichidae)

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 8652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek A. Rosenfield ◽  
P. Viau ◽  
C. A. Oliveira ◽  
Cristiane Schilbach Pizzutto
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Callithrix Jacchus ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gnrh Analogue ◽  
Cyclic Activity ◽  
Neotropical Primate

Deslorelin is a synthetic GnRH analogue, which is being used as a contraceptive in animals by acting as a gonadal suppressant.  The product Suprelorin (Virbac, Australia) contains deslorelin as a biocompatible, slow release subcutaneous implant. The continuous release of deslorelin provokes a down-regulation of GnRH receptors, and subsequently, inhibition of the synthesis and release of the gonadotropins FSH and LH, necessary for gonadal activities.  The intention of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a subcutaneous deslorelin acetate implant (2,35mg) in suppressing ovarian cyclic activity and inhibiting ovulation in captive Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus, and investigate the reversibility of the treatment.  Two experimental groups were formed, group deslorelin (D) with three couples and control group (C) with two couples.  To monitor the effect of the implants, hormones indicating ovarian cyclic activity were monitored non-invasively by enzyme immunoassay (fecal monoclonal antibody anti-progesterone CL 425).  Fecal samples were collected three times a week from all females during three trial phases (phase I: month 1,2,3 and 4; phase II: month: 5,6 and 7 and phase III: month 8,9 and 10).  In contrast to expectations the results of this trial indicated that there was no suppression of the ovarian cyclic activity, nor inhibition of the ovulation after the application of the implants.  The outcome of our trial can possibly be explained by the fact that the dosage of 2.35mg of deslorelin is not effective in C. jacchus.  We confirmed significant changes (p<0.05) of P4 metabolites from phase I to phase II due to the treatment after the implantation of the GnRH analogue Deslorelin.  The employed non-invasive fecal progesterone monitoring could be biologically validated and proved to be efficient in the detection of ovarian cyclic activity in this neotropical primate species, C. jacchus. 

A Study on Methodology to Make Team: Methodology — Phase II

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoichi Sugimoto ◽  
Masao Arakawa ◽  
Masahiko Ishimaru
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Team Management ◽  
Group Randomized Trials ◽  
Parallel Group ◽  
Study Results

Improvement in labor productivity is a common problem in each country. In particular, in Japan where the productive age population is decreasing, it is necessary to steadily advance efforts for the improvement at various sites throughout the entire society. In doing so, in order to make it prevail over broad areas, it is necessary to consider that on-site holding resources can be utilized, that it can be easily introduced, and that it will surely be effective. Therefore, we have focused on improving the way of collaboration from an angle of “person’s personality”. Specifically, we have aimed to build a methodology, for a “team” that is a collaborative form widely introduced and utilized at companies and educational sites, which enhances the effectiveness of team activities. As for the overall structure of the methodology, we have designed it with a three-layer structure in order to clarify separation from other intellectual properties and consideration to ethical aspects. That is, the designed methodology comprises the following three phases. Phase I: a team formation methodology; Phase II: a team management methodology; and Phase III: a team development support methodology. Study results of Phase I were presented at the 26th Design Engineering and System Division Lecture by the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME). In this study, we have used the methodology of Phase I to devise, as a method included in Phase II, three Rules for creating a team environment that makes it easy for “introverted” persons in Jungian psychology to express their opinions. Then, we have conducted parallel group randomized trials comparing an intervention group with a control group, analyzed the results by an analysis method such as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), and verified the effectiveness of the devised method. As a result, the findings have revealed that teams in which the team management was carried out according to the devised method tends to be more effective and prone to excellent effectiveness.

Developmental potentialities of leaf primordia of Osmunda cinnamomea. VI. The expression of P1

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1941-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas H. Haight ◽  
Charles Carroll Kuehnert
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Shoot Apical Meristem ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Developmental Phase ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Three Phases

Data from culture experiments presented strongly suggest that the development of leaf primordia at the shoot apex may be divided into three phases in Osmunda cinnamomea. Phase I lasts from inception (Im) to some point in time during P1. Phase II probably begins somewhere between Im and I1, and may be retained as long as P9. Phase III is evident as early as P1 and continues through the entire primordial sequence to include Pn. In nature, or under experimental conditions where physiological continuity between the primordium and shoot apical meristem complex is maintained, O. cinnamomea primordial expression is phase III expression (leaf only). However, if the primordia produced at the shoot apex are removed from certain external biological influences (specifically the shoot apical meristem and certain older primordia) terminal expression of the primordia may be either phase I, phase II, or phase III depending upon the developmental phase of the primordia at the time of their isolation.

RN Transitions: Frustration, Inhibition or Aversion?

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 747-755
Author(s):  
Robert E. Prytula ◽  
J. Dwight Thomas ◽  
James H. Payne ◽  
Stephen F. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Time Out

Three groups of rats were trained and extinguished (Phase I) in an alley, and retrained and extinguished (Phases II and III) under RN, NR, and RR reward schedules. An exhaust system was operative in the alley in Phases I and III but inoperative in Phase II. The results show that with the simple schedules employed, odors do not appear to mediate the running responses. Ss which received the RN schedule were generally less resistant to extinction than Ss receiving the other schedules. Following Phase III, Ss in Group RN were retrained and extinguished under the NR sequence, and Ss in Group NR were shifted to the RN sequence. The results showed that if S received an NR sequence at some point in training later behavior was much more influenced by this schedule than the previous RN sequence. Also, it appeared that RN schedules are aversive, perhaps like the “Time-out” phenomenon.

scholarly journals Changes in surgicaL behaviOrs dUring the CoviD-19 pandemic. The SICE CLOUD19 Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 731-744
Author(s):  
Umberto Bracale ◽  
◽  
Mauro Podda ◽  
Simone Castiglioni ◽  
Roberto Peltrini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Hospital Organization ◽  
Energy Devices ◽  
Health Database ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Three Phases

Abstract Background The spread of the SARS-CoV2 virus, which causes COVID-19 disease, profoundly impacted the surgical community. Recommendations have been published to manage patients needing surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic. This survey, under the aegis of the Italian Society of Endoscopic Surgery, aims to analyze how Italian surgeons have changed their practice during the pandemic. Methods The authors designed an online survey that was circulated for completion to the Italian departments of general surgery registered in the Italian Ministry of Health database in December 2020. Questions were divided into three sections: hospital organization, screening policies, and safety profile of the surgical operation. The investigation periods were divided into the Italian pandemic phases I (March–May 2020), II (June–September 2020), and III (October–December 2020). Results Of 447 invited departments, 226 answered the survey. Most hospitals were treating both COVID-19-positive and -negative patients. The reduction in effective beds dedicated to surgical activity was significant, affecting 59% of the responding units. 12.4% of the respondents in phase I, 2.6% in phase II, and 7.7% in phase III reported that their surgical unit had been closed. 51.4%, 23.5%, and 47.8% of the respondents had at least one colleague reassigned to non-surgical COVID-19 activities during the three phases. There has been a reduction in elective (> 200 procedures: 2.1%, 20.6% and 9.9% in the three phases, respectively) and emergency (< 20 procedures: 43.3%, 27.1%, 36.5% in the three phases, respectively) surgical activity. The use of laparoscopy also had a setback in phase I (25.8% performed less than 20% of elective procedures through laparoscopy). 60.6% of the respondents used a smoke evacuation device during laparoscopy in phase I, 61.6% in phase II, and 64.2% in phase III. Almost all responders (82.8% vs. 93.2% vs. 92.7%) in each analyzed period did not modify or reduce the use of high-energy devices. Conclusion This survey offers three faithful snapshots of how the surgical community has reacted to the COVID-19 pandemic during its three phases. The significant reduction in surgical activity indicates that better health policies and more evidence-based guidelines are needed to make up for lost time and surgery not performed during the pandemic.

scholarly journals A Qualitative Look at Faculty Perspectives on Ergonomics in Dental Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-49
Author(s):  
Cynthia Senior ◽  
Angela Burrell
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Clinical Practices ◽  
School Of Dentistry ◽  
Ergonomic Evaluation ◽  
Three Phases

Due to the high-risk nature of musculoskeletal disorder development in dentistry, ergonomic education and evaluation are needed in predoctoral programs.  The purpose of this pilot study is to investigate perceptions of ergonomics within the School of Dentistry (SOD), current ergonomic clinical practices among third- and fourth-year dental students, and dental students' level of knowledge of ergonomics.  The study was conducted utilizing an explanatory sequential mixed methods design to collect both quantitative and qualitative data.  While the data collection occurred in three phases, this article will primarily focus on Phase III.  The three phases of data collection were: Phase I consisted of a questionnaire distributed to all dental students; Phase II consisted of clinical observations of third- and fourth-year dental students' ergonomic postures during patient care, and Phase III consisted of SOD faculty focus groups to determine perceptions of ergonomic education with the predoctoral curriculum.  Data revealed three overarching themes: (1) Didactic to clinical disconnect, (2) Elective impacts, and (3) A ready commitment.  Phase I yielded a response rate of 84% (n=135).  Phase I responses noted that 81.5% (n=110) of the dental students reported experiencing musculoskeletal pain.  Ninety-three dental students reported receiving one or two lectures on ergonomics; however, 60% (n=27) failed to implement proper ergonomic postures while caring for patients in the clinical environment during Phase II.  Phase III, revealed faculty support of ergonomic evaluation and correction among dental students.  The results indicated a need to establish and implement an ergonomic evaluation and corrective program within the SOD

scholarly journals Ventilator output splitting interface ‘ACRA’: Description and evaluation in lung simulators and in an experimental ARDS animal model

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256469
Author(s):  
Pablo E. Otero ◽  
Lisa Tarragona ◽  
Andrea S. Zaccagnini ◽  
Natali Verdier ◽  
Martin R. Ceballos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Lung Unit ◽  
The World ◽  
Expiratory Limb

The current COVID-19 pandemic has led the world to an unprecedented global shortage of ventilators, and its sharing has been proposed as an alternative to meet the surge. This study outlines the performance of a preformed novel interface called ’ACRA’, designed to split ventilator outflow into two breathing systems. The ’ACRA’ interface was built using medical use approved components. It consists of four unidirectional valves, two adjustable flow-restrictor valves placed on the inspiratory limbs of each unit, and one adjustable PEEP valve placed on the expiratory limb of the unit that would require a greater PEEP. The interface was interposed between a ventilator and two lung units (phase I), two breathing simulators (phase II) and two live pigs with heterogeneous lung conditions (phase III). The interface and ventilator adjustments tested the ability to regulate individual pressures and the resulting tidal volumes. Data were analyzed using Friedman and Wilcoxon tests test (p < 0.05). Ventilator outflow splitting, independent pressure adjustments and individual tidal volume monitoring were feasible in all phases. In all experimental measurements, dual ventilation allowed for individual and tight adjustments of the pressure, and thus volume delivered to each paired lung unit without affecting the other unit’s ventilation—all the modifications performed on the ventilator equally affected both paired lung units. Although only suggested during a dire crisis, this experiment supports dual ventilation as an alternative worth to be considered.

Administration of Trials Within-SS and Double-Alternation Responding: A Demonstration of a Multiple-Baseline Reversal

1975 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Prytula ◽  
Jenny C. Colbert
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Exhaust System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Multiple Baseline ◽  
Double Alternation ◽  
Reinforcement History ◽  
History Of

Rats, in a four-phase within- Ss study, were given a double-alternation schedule of reward and nonreward (RRNNRRNN). During Phase I, the odor-exhaust system was blocked, and Ss developed the characteristic response pattern, i.e., they ran fast on the rewarded trials and slow on the nonrewarded trials. During Phase II, the exhaust-system was unblocked for the first four trials and blocked for the last four trials; and during Phase III, the conditions were reversed; the results showed that behavior was controlled more by the contemporary fan conditions than by the previous conditioning and reinforcement history of the Ss. Following Phase III, half of the Ss were extinguished under the fan-open condition, while the other half were extinguished under the fan-closed condition; Ss extinguished under the fan-open condition were more resistant to extinction than were Ss that were extinguished under the blocked condition. The over-all results showed that double-alternation responding was controlled more by odor processes than by memory processes.

Bewegungstherapie und körperliche Aktivität bei Patienten mit Herzinsuffizienz

Praxis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 107 (17-18) ◽  
pp. 951-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Körperliche Aktivität ◽  
Phase Iii

Zusammenfassung. Herzinsuffizienz ist ein klinisches Syndrom mit unterschiedlichen Ätiologien und Phänotypen. Die überwachte Bewegungstherapie und individuelle körperliche Aktivität ist bei allen Formen eine Klasse-IA-Empfehlung in aktuellen Leitlinien. Eine Bewegungstherapie kann unmittelbar nach Stabilisierung einer akuten Herzinsuffizienz im Spital begonnen werden (Phase I). Sie kann nach Entlassung in einem stationären oder ambulanten Präventions- und Rehabilitationsprogramm fortgesetzt werden (Phase II). Typische Elemente sind Ausdauer-, Kraft- und Atemtraining. Die Kosten werden von der Krankenversicherung für drei bis sechs Monate übernommen. In erfahrenen Zentren können auch Patienten mit implantierten Defibrillatoren oder linksventrikulären Unterstützungssystemen trainieren. Wichtiges Ziel der Phase II ist neben muskulärer Rekonditionierung auch die Steigerung der Gesundheitskompetenz, um die Langzeit-Adhärenz bezüglich körperlicher Aktivität zu verbessern. In Phase III bieten Herzgruppen Unterstützung.

scholarly journals AB0332 IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AND IMMONOMODULATING AGENTS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CLINICAL TRIALS AND THEIR CURRENT DEVELOPMENT STAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1464.1-1465
Author(s):  
J. Blaess ◽  
J. Walther ◽  
J. E. Gottenberg ◽  
J. Sibilia ◽  
L. Arnaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Jak Inhibitors ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Immunomodulating Drugs

Background:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most frequent chronic inflammatory diseases with an incidence of 0.5% to 1%. Therapeutic arsenal of RA has continuously expanded in recent years with the recent therapeutic progress with the arrival of conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs), biological (bDMARDs) and targeted synthetic (tsDMARDs), JAK inhibitors. However, there are still some unmet needs for patients who do not achieve remission and who continue to worsen despite treatments. Of note, only approximately 40% of patients are ACR70 responders, in most randomized controlled trials. For these patients, finding new therapeutic avenues is challenging.Objectives:The objective of our study was to analyze the whole pipeline of immunosuppressive and immunomodulating drugs evaluated in RA and describe their mechanisms of action and stage of clinical development.Methods:We conducted a systematic review of all drug therapies in clinical development in RA in 17 databases of international clinical trials. Inclusion criterion: study from one of the databases using the keywords “Rheumatoid arthritis” (search date: June 1, 2019). Exclusion criteria: non-drug trials, trials not related to RA or duplicates. We also excluded dietary regimen or supplementations, cellular therapies, NSAIDs, glucorticoids or their derivatives and non-immunosuppressive or non-immunomodulating drugs. For each csDMARD, bDMARD and tsDMARD, we considered the study at the most advanced stage. For bDMARDs, we did not take into account biosimilars.Results:The research identified 4652 trials, of which 242 for 243 molecules met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The developed molecules belong to csDMARDs (n=21), bDMARDs (n=117), tsDMARDs (n=105).Among the 21 csDMARDs molecules: 8 (38%) has been withdrawn, 4 (19%) are already labelled in RA (hydroxychloroquine, leflunomide, methotrexate and sulfasalazine) and 9 (43%) are in development: 1 (11%) is in phase I/II, 5 (56%) in phase II, 3 (33%) in phase IV.Among the 117 bDMARDs molecules: 69 (59%) has been withdrawn, 9 (8%) are labeled in RA (abatacept, adalimumab, anakinra, certolizumab, etanercept, golimumab, infliximab, rituximab, sarilumab, tocilizumab) and 39 (33%) are in development: 9 (23%) in phase I, 3 (8%) in phase I/II, 21 (54%) in phase II, 5 (12%) are in phase III, 1 (3%) in phase IV. bDMARDs currently under development target B cells (n=4), T cells (n=2), T/B cells costimulation (n=2),TNF alpha (n=2), Interleukine 1 or his receptor (n=3), Interleukine 6 or his receptor (n=7), Interleukine 17 (n=4), Interleukine 23 (n=1), GM-CSF (n=1), other cytokines or chemokines (n=5), integrins or adhesion proteins (n=3), interferon receptor (n=1) and various other targets (n=4).Among the 105 tsDMARDs molecules: 64 (61%) has been withdrawn, 6 (6%) JAK inhibitors, have just been or will probably soon be labelled (baricitinib, filgotinib, peficitinib, tofacitinib and upadacitinib), 35 (33%) are in development: 8 (24%) in phase I, 26 (74%) in phase II, 1 (3%) in phase III and. tsDMARDs currently under development target tyrosine kinase (n=12), janus kinase (JAK) (n=3), sphingosine phostate (n=3), PI3K pathway (n=1), phosphodiesterase-4 (n=3) B cells signaling pathways (n=3) and various other targets (n=10).Conclusion:A total of 242 therapeutic trials involving 243 molecules have been or are being evaluated in RA. This development does not always lead to new treatments since 141 (58%) have already been withdrawn. Hopefully, some of the currently evaluated drugs will contribute to improve the therapeutic management of RA patients, requiring a greater personalization of therapeutic strategies, both in the choice of molecules and their place in therapeutic sequences.Disclosure of Interests:Julien Blaess: None declared, Julia Walther: None declared, Jacques-Eric Gottenberg Grant/research support from: BMS, Pfizer, Consultant of: BMS, Sanofi-Genzyme, UCB, Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Eli Lilly and Co., Roche, Sanofi-Genzyme, UCB, Jean Sibilia: None declared, Laurent Arnaud: None declared, Renaud FELTEN: None declared

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