Suckling-Induced Rise in Prolactin: Mediation by Prolactin-Releasing Factor From Posterior Pituitary

Physiology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 172-175
Author(s):  
N Ben-Jonathan ◽  
JF Hyde ◽  
I Murai
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Stalk ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Small Peptide ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Hormone

The suckling-induced rise in prolactin, an anterior pituitary hormone that is essential for the maintenance of lactation, is mediated by the posterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary contains prolactin-releasing factor (PRF), a small peptide that is distinct from known prolactin secretagogues. The hypothalamus, the site of all known releasing hormones, has only little PRF activity. Pituitary stalk secretion abolishes the PRF activity in the posterior pituitary, indicating that it originates in the hypothalamus, perhaps as a biologically inactive precursor. The chemical identity of PRF is unknown but it appears to play an important role during lactation and might also be involved in the pathology of hyperprolactinea.

scholarly journals Two Cases of Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome in Syrian Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Alali ◽  
Reem Saad ◽  
Younes Kabalan
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Growth Failure ◽  
Pituitary Stalk ◽  
Delayed Puberty ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Exact Etiology ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is an extremely rare cause of growth failure and delayed puberty. It can be diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, showing an ectopic or absent posterior pituitary, an absent or interrupted pituitary stalk, or small anterior pituitary, in combination with growth hormone or other pituitary hormone deficiencies. The exact etiology of PSIS is unknown. In this article, we describe two cases of PSIS in Syria which are, as far as we know, the first published cases.

Pituitary Stalk Interruption Syndrome: Presentation of a Rare Case

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (05) ◽  
pp. 176-179
Author(s):  
Burcin Agridag Ucpinar ◽  
Ahmet Ucar ◽  
Evrim Ozmen
Keyword(s):  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Pituitary Stalk ◽  
Hormone Deficiency ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Mild Mental Retardation

AbstractPituitary stalk interruption syndrome is a congenital anomaly characterized by interrupted or thin pituitary stalk, hypoplastic or absent anterior pituitary, and an absent or ectopic posterior pituitary gland. The exact incidence rate of this syndrome is not known. However, the estimated incidence rate is 0.5/1,000,000 births. In this case report, we wanted to present a case of interrupted pituitary stalk syndrome, which presented with seizures and thyroid hormone deficiency. A 5-year-old female patient was admitted to our emergency department with vomiting, fever, and seizures with new onset. She had a twin who was ex-utero intrapartum in taken history. She was diagnosed with hypothyroidism and started on levothyroxine. Her height was in 25 to 50th percentile and her weight was in 10 to 25th percentile. She had mild mental retardation. On contrast-enhanced cranial magnetic resonance imaging scan, the pituitary stalk was absent, posterior pituitary was ectopic, and anterior pituitary was hypoplastic. The patient was diagnosed with interrupted pituitary stalk syndrome. After the symptoms were relieved, patient started on carbamazepine for epileptic seizures and hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine and hydrocortisone. She was routinely followed up after the proper diagnosis. Leuprolide (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) and Norditropin (biosynthetic growth hormone) were added to medical therapy. Her height and weight were in 25th percentile after the long-term follow-up of approximately 10 years. On neurological examination, situation of mild mental retardation persisted. Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome is a very rare entity. However, radiologists should keep this syndrome in mind for patients who present with hypoglycemia, seizures, jaundice, cryptorchidism, and hypothyroidism in neonatal period and growth retardation with pituitary hormone deficiencies in childhood.

scholarly journals Pituitary stalk transection syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 2397
Author(s):  
Gayathri Sajeevan ◽  
Sajitha Nair ◽  
Devika Geetha ◽  
Nisha Bhavani ◽  
C. Jayakumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Growth Hormone Deficiency ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Stalk ◽  
Hormone Deficiency ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Current Report

Growth hormone deficiency is one of the most common endocrinological causes for short stature. It can either be idiopathic or associated with organic causes like tumors or following surgery. One of the rare causes for growth hormone deficiency in children is pituitary stalk transection syndrome. It can be diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland which shows an ectopic or absent posterior pituitary, an absent or interrupted pituitary stalk, or small anterior pituitary in combination with growth hormone or other pituitary hormone deficiencies. Current report presents a child with pituitary stalk transection syndrome who was brought for evaluation of hypoglycemic seizures.

scholarly journals THE HYPOPHYSIS AND SECRETION OF INSULIN

1942 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Houssay ◽  
V. G. Foglia ◽  
F. S. Smyth ◽  
C. T. Rietti ◽  
A. B. Houssay
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Blood Sugar Level ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Pituitary Extract ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
High Blood Sugar ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Hormone

The ability of the pancreas, from various types of dogs, to correct diabetic hyperglycemia has been studied (Table XI). The pancreas from one animal was united by a vascular union with the neck blood vessels of another dog which had been pancreatectomized for 20 hours. The time necessary to reduce the blood sugar level to 120 mg. per cent was determined. 1. Pancreas from 6 hypophysectomized dogs produced a normal insulin secretion, showing that an anterior pituitary hormone is not necessary for its production or maintenance. 2. In 14 of 17 normal dogs given anterior pituitary extract for 3 or more consecutive days and presenting diabetes (fasting blood sugar 150 mg. per cent or more) the pancreas showed diminished insulin production. 3. In animals which remained diabetic after discontinuing the injections of hypophyseal extract, the pancreas islands were markedly pathologic and the insulin secretion was practically nil. 4. When hyperglycemia existed on the 2nd to 5th day but fell later, the insulin secretion of 5 dogs was normal in 2, supernormal in 1, and less than normal in 2. Histologic examination showed a restoration of beta cells. 5. In 14 dogs resistant to the diabetogenic action of anterior pituitary extract, as shown by little or no change in blood sugar, the pancreatic secretion of insulin was normal in 6 cases, supernormal in 3, and subnormal in 5 cases. Clear signs of hyperfunction of B cells were observed. In 6 resistant animals a high blood sugar (150 mg. per cent) appeared shortly before transplanting, but insulin secretion was normal in 4, supernormal in 1, and subnormal in 1 case. 6. With one injection of extract and 1 day of hyperglycemia the capacity of the pancreas to secrete insulin was not altered. 7. A high blood sugar level lasting 4 days does not alter the islets. The hypophyseal extract acts, therefore, by some other mechanism. In normal dogs, the continuous intravenous infusion of glucose for 4 days maintained the blood sugar at levels as high as those after pituitary extract. In these animals the B cells were hyperplastic and insulin secretion normal. 8. Anterior hypophyseal hyperglycemia is due at first to extrapancreatic factors which are the most important, and last only during the injections of extracts. Pancreatic factors appear afterwards and are responsible for permanent diabetes. Hypophyseal extract produces histological changes in many tissues and damages the Langerhans islands. The coexistent high blood sugar probably exhausts the B cells and exaggerates their injury. 9. In all cases there is a relation between the cytology of the islet B cells and the insulin secreting capacity.

scholarly journals Paediatric Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Disease: Long-Term Sequelae in the Hypothalamic Endocrine System

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Elisa Vaiani ◽  
Guido Felizzia ◽  
Fabiana Lubieniecki ◽  
Jorge Braier ◽  
Alicia Belgorosky
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Langerhans Cell ◽  
Hormone Deficiency ◽  
Bone Lesions ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Multisystem Disease ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Hormone

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disorder of the mononuclear phagocyte system that can affect almost any organ and system. The most common central nervous system (CNS) manifestation in LCH is the infiltration of the hypothalamic-pituitary region leading to destruction and neurodegeneration of CNS tissue. The latter causes the most frequent endocrinological manifestation, that is, central diabetes insipidus (CDI), and less often anterior pituitary hormone deficiency (APD). The reported incidence of CDI is estimated between 11.5 and 24% and is considered a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease and APD. Three risk factors for development of CDI are recognized in the majority of the studies: (1) multisystem disease, (2) the occurrence of reactivations or active disease for a prolonged period, and (3) the presence of craniofacial bone lesions. Since CDI may occur as the first manifestation of LCH, differential diagnosis of malignant diseases like germ cell tumours must be made. APD is almost always associated with CDI and can appear several years after the diagnosis of CDI. Growth hormone is the most commonly affected anterior pituitary hormone. Despite significant advances in the knowledge of LCH in recent years, little progress has been made in preventing long-term sequelae such as those affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary system.

Anterior Pituitary Hormone Abnormalities following Traumatic Brain Injury

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 937-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manfred Schneider ◽  
Harald Jörn Schneider ◽  
Günter Karl Stalla
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Hormone ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Hormone
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document