scholarly journals Effects of S100B on Serotonergic Plasticity and Neuroinflammation in the Hippocampus in Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease: Studies in an S100B Overexpressing Mouse Model

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee A. Shapiro ◽  
Lynn A. Bialowas-McGoey ◽  
Patricia M. Whitaker-Azmitia
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Transgenic Animals ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Cell Surface Receptor ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Surface Receptor ◽  
Glial Changes

S100B promotes development and maturation in the mammalian brain. However, prolonged or extensive exposure can lead to neurodegeneration. Two important functions of S100B in this regard, are its role in the development and plasticity of the serotonergic neurotransmitter system, and its role in the cascade of glial changes associated with neuroinflammation. Both of these processes are therefore accelerated towards degeneration in disease processes wherein S100B is increased, notably, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). In order to study the role of S100B in this context, we have examined S100B overexpressing transgenic mice. Similar to AD and DS, the transgenic animals show a profound change in serotonin innervation. By 28 weeks of age, there is a significant loss of terminals in the hippocampus. Similarly, the transgenic animals show neuroinflammatory changes analogous with AD and DS. These include decreased numbers of mature, stable astroglial cells, increased numbers of activated microglial cells and increased microglial expression of the cell surface receptor RAGE. Eventually, the S100B transgenic animals show neurodegeneration and the appearance of hyperphosphorylated tau structures, as seen in late stage DS and AD. The role of S100B in these conditions is discussed.

scholarly journals Polymorphisms inHSD17B1: Early Onset and Increased Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease in Women with Down Syndrome

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph H. Lee ◽  
Susan Gurney ◽  
Deborah Pang ◽  
Alexis Temkin ◽  
Naeun Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Risk Alleles ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Estrogen Activity ◽  
Intron 4

Background/Aims. Genetic variants that affect estrogen activity may influence the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In women with Down syndrome, we examined the relation of polymorphisms in hydroxysteroid-17beta-dehydrogenase (HSD17B1) to age at onset and risk of AD.HSD17B1encodes the enzyme 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD1), which catalyzes the conversion of estrone to estradiol.Methods. Two hundred and thirty-eight women with DS, nondemented at baseline, 31–78 years of age, were followed at 14–18-month intervals for 4.5 years. Women were genotyped for 5 haplotype-tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in theHSD17B1gene region, and their association with incident AD was examined.Results. Age at onset was earlier, and risk of AD was elevated from two- to threefold among women homozygous for the minor allele at 3 SNPs in intron 4 (rs676387), exon 6 (rs605059), and exon 4 inCOASY(rs598126). Carriers of the haplotype TCC, based on the risk alleles for these three SNPs, had an almost twofold increased risk of developing AD (hazard ratio = 1.8, 95% CI, 1.1–3.1).Conclusion. These findings support experimental and clinical studies of the neuroprotective role of estrogen.

scholarly journals The role of calbindin‐D28k in a mouse model of Down syndrome‐related Alzheimer's disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (S2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Hamlett ◽  
Steven L. Carroll ◽  
Ann‐Charlotte Granholm
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Calbindin D28k

Alzheimer's disease: inside, outside, upside down

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Du Yan ◽  
Ann M. Schmidt ◽  
David Stern
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Advanced Glycation Endproducts ◽  
Amyloid Peptide ◽  
Cell Surface Receptor ◽  
Intracellular Enzyme ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Surface Receptor ◽  
High Concentrations

Neurotoxicity of ϐ-amyloid peptide (Aϐ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is usually thought to arise from the nonspecific effects of high concentrations of Aϐ on vulnerable neurons, resulting in membrane destabilization and increasing intracellular calcium concentration. This review advances the hypothesis that at early stages of AD, when Aϐ is present in lower amounts, its ability to perturb the function of cellular targets is mediated by specific cofactors present on the cell surface and intracellularly. Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is a cell-surface receptor which binds Aϐ and amplifies its effects on cells in the nanomolar range. The intracellular enzyme Aϐ-binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD) is likely to engage nascent Aϐ formed in the endoplasmic reticulum, and to mediate cell stress from this site. The analysis of Aϐ interaction with RAGE and ABAD, as well as other cofactors, provides insight into new mechanisms and, potentially, identifies therapeutic targets relevant to neuronal dysfunction in AD.

scholarly journals Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Deficiency: Lessons from Imaging Studies and Down Syndrome

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arlene Reed-Cossairt ◽  
Xiongwei Zhu ◽  
Hyoung-Gon Lee ◽  
Charles Reed ◽  
George Perry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Gene Dosage ◽  
White Matter Lesions ◽  
Imaging Studies

Down syndrome (DS) individuals are at high risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and consequently provide a unique opportunity to examine the factors leading to the onset of AD. This paper focuses on the neglected vascular parallels between AD and DS that can readily be examined in DS. Several recent AD studies provide evidence that internal jugular vein (IJV) reflux may result in white matter lesions and a 30% decrease in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) clearance of amyloid-β. At the same time, studies analyzing the synthesis of amyloid-βin DS showed greater than expected amounts of Aβthan would be predicted by the increase in gene dosage, perhaps due to slower clearance. These studies are discussed along with the possibility that the venous and CSF dysfunction found in AD patients may be present early in life in persons with DS, leaving them particularly vulnerable to early onset AD. Studying IJV function in DS provides an opportunity to understand the role of vascular function in the initiation of AD.

scholarly journals Nutraceutical and Probiotic Approaches to Examine Molecular Interactions of the Amyloid Precursor Protein APP in Drosophila Models of Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 7022
Author(s):  
David Jalali ◽  
Justine Anne Guevarra ◽  
Luz Martinez ◽  
Lily Hung ◽  
Fernando J Vonhoff
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Amyloid Precursor Protein ◽  
Senile Plaques ◽  
Precursor Protein ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Drosophila Models

Studies using animal models have shed light into the molecular and cellular basis for the neuropathology observed in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In particular, the role of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a crucial role in the formation of senile plaques and aging-dependent degeneration. Here, we focus our review on recent findings using the Drosophila AD model to expand our understanding of APP molecular function and interactions, including insights gained from the fly homolog APP-like (APPL). Finally, as there is still no cure for AD, we review some approaches that have shown promising results in ameliorating AD-associated phenotypes, with special attention on the use of nutraceuticals and their molecular effects, as well as interactions with the gut microbiome. Overall, the phenomena described here are of fundamental significance for understanding network development and degeneration. Given the highly conserved nature of fundamental signaling pathways, the insight gained from animal models such as Drosophila melanogaster will likely advance the understanding of the mammalian brain, and thus be relevant to human health.

Role of Tau Protein in Neuronal Damage in Alzheimer's Disease and Down Syndrome

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 645-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana M. Cárdenas ◽  
Alvaro O. Ardiles ◽  
Natalia Barraza ◽  
Ximena Baéz-Matus ◽  
Pablo Caviedes
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Tau Protein ◽  
Neuronal Damage
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