scholarly journals Plant Richness-Biomass Relationships in Restored Northern Great Plains Grasslands (USA)

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario E. Biondini ◽  
Jack E. Norland ◽  
Carolyn E. Grygiel
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Functional Form ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
P Uptake Rates ◽  
N Use

We investigated plant richness-biomass relationships in tall grass (Field 1, 12 years) and mixed grass (Field 2, 5 years) restoration experiments located in the northern Great Plains grasslands (USA). They were organized as randomized factorial experiments with fertilization rates (N or P) and number of species as factors. Results were as follows: (1) above ground biomass (AGB) increased and year-to-year variability declined with plant species and functional form richness. (2) AGB was higher when the species had various combinations: (a) high relative growth rates, root density, root surface area, N or P uptake rates, and N use efficiency; (b) low root-to-shoot ratio and root plasticity. (3) Biomass stability was positively related to high root surface area in Field 1 and N use efficiency and P uptake rates in Field 2. (4) Invasion of nonseeded species declined with plant species and functional form richness.

scholarly journals Synergy between a shallow root system with a DRO1 homologue and localized P application improves P uptake of lowland rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aung Zaw Oo ◽  
Yasuhiro Tsujimoto ◽  
Mana Mukai ◽  
Tomohiro Nishigaki ◽  
Toshiyuki Takai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
P Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
P Application

AbstractImproved phosphorus (P) use efficiency for crop production is needed, given the depletion of phosphorus ore deposits, and increasing ecological concerns about its excessive use. Root system architecture (RSA) is important in efficiently capturing immobile P in soils, while agronomically, localized P application near the roots is a potential approach to address this issue. However, the interaction between genetic traits of RSA and localized P application has been little understood. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) and their parent of rice (qsor1-NIL, Dro1-NIL, and IR64, with shallow, deep, and intermediate root growth angles (RGA), respectively) were grown in flooded pots after placing P near the roots at transplanting (P-dipping). The experiment identified that the P-dipping created an available P hotspot at the plant base of the soil surface layer where the qsor1-NIL had the greatest root biomass and root surface area despite no genotyipic differences in total values, whereby the qsor1-NIL had significantly greater biomass and P uptake than the other genotypes in the P-dipping. The superior surface root development of qsor1-NIL could have facilitated P uptakes from the P hotspot, implying that P-use efficiency in crop production can be further increased by combining genetic traits of RSA and localized P application.

scholarly journals Synergy Between a Shallow Root System With a DRO1 Homologue and Localized P Application Improves Rice P Uptake 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aung Zaw Oo ◽  
YASUHIRO TSUJIMOTO ◽  
Mana Mukai ◽  
Tomohiro Nishigaki ◽  
Toshiyuki Takai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Ore Deposits ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Genetic Traits ◽  
P Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
P Application

Abstract Improved phosphorus (P) use efficiency for crop production is needed given the depleting phosphorus ore deposits and increasing ecological concerns about its excessive use. Root system architecture (RSA) is important in efficiently capturing immobile P in soils, while agronomically, localized P application near the roots is a potential approach to address this issue. However, the interaction between genetic traits of RSA and localized P application has been little understood. Near-isogenic lines (NILs) and their parent of rice (qsor1-NIL, Dro1-NIL, and IR64, with shallow, deep, and intermediate root growth angles (RGA), respectively) were grown in flooded pots after placing P near the roots at transplanting (P-dipping). The experiment identified that the P-dipping created an available P hotspot at the soil surface; the qsor1-NIL had the greatest root biomass and root surface area in the 0–3 cm soil layer despite no genotype differences in total values; the qsor1-NIL had significantly greater biomass and P uptake than the other genotypes in the P-dipping. The superior surface root development of qsor1-NIL could have facilitated P uptakes from the P hotspot, implying that P-use efficiency in crop production can be further increased by combining genetic traits of RSA and localized P application.

Toxicity of anionic and cationic surfactant to Acinetobacter junii in pure culture

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasna Hrenovic ◽  
Tomislav Ivankovic
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Acinetobacter Junii ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
P Uptake Rates

AbstractThe harmful effects of surfactants to the environment are well known. We were interested in investigating their potential toxicity in a pure culture of Acinetobacter junii, a phosphate (P)-accumulating bacterium. Results showed a high acute toxicity of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA) against A. junii. The estimated EC50 values of the HDTMA for the inhibition of CFUs in the pure culture of A. junii was 3.27 ± 1.12 × 10−7 mol L−1 and for the inhibition of the P-uptake rates 2.47 ± 0.51 × 10−6 mol L−1. For SDS, estimated EC50 values for the inhibition of CFUs in the pure culture of A. junii was 5.00 ± 2.95 × 10−6 mol L−1 and for the inhibition of the P-uptake rates 3.33 ± 0.96 × 10−4 mol L−1. The obtained EC50 values in the standardised yeast toxicity test using Saccharomyces cerevisiae were 3.03 ± 0.38 × 10−4 and 4.33 ± 0.32 × 10−5 mol L−1 for SDS and HDTMA, respectively. These results emphasized the need to control concentrations of surfactants entering the activated sludge system. The negative effects of these toxicants could greatly decrease populations of P-accumulating bacteria, as well as eukaryotic organisms, inhabiting activated sludge systems, which in turn could result in the decrease of the system efficiency.

Evaluation of Maize Inbreds for Vegetative Nitrate Uptake and Assimilation

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
RT Weiland
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Uptake ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Maize Inbreds ◽  
Hydroponic Conditions

Twelve maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines were cultured under hydroponic conditions in a controlled environment room for evaluation of NO3--N uptake, subsequent translocation patterns and utilisation. Prior to harvest (8-10-leaf stage), inbred roots were exposed to 24 h of 10 atom % 15NO3--N. Differences for N contents and biomass were determined. Root dry weight (RDW) was significantly correlated (r = 0.93) with root surface area. Significant inbred differences were found when N content in the plant was based on RDW. When based on 15N during the 24 h, the amount of N absorbed varied between 30 and 71 mg per plant for the inbreds. Uptake rates ranged between 8.7 and 14.4 mg g-1 day-1 RDW. Nitrogen uptake over the 24 h based on RDW and total plant-N contents based on RDW were significantly (P< 0.001) correlated, implying that uptake rates were constant up to mid-vegetative stages for these genotypes. Of the 15N absorbed, between 30 and 61% was reduced by the inbreds and the amount reduced varied with plant tissue. The total amount reduced ranged between 0.72 and 1.25 mg g-1 dry weight.

Interactive Effects of Nutrient Reduction and Herbivory on Biomass, Taxonomic Structure, and P Uptake in Lotic Periphyton Communities

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1951-1959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan D. Steinman ◽  
Patrick J. Mulholland ◽  
David B. Kirschtel
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Taxonomic Structure ◽  
Growth Forms ◽  
Nutrient Reduction ◽  
Uptake Rates ◽  
Elimia Clavaeformis ◽  
P Uptake Rates

Four treatments were imposed on eight laboratory streams in a factorial design to examine the roles of nutrient reduction and herbivory on periphyton communities. Treatments included two flow regimes (once-through flow or 90% recirculated water) and two levels of grazer density (1000 or 0∙m−2, using the snail Elimia clavaeformis). Periphyton biomass was significantly greater in streams without snails than in those with them, but water supply had no overall significant effect on biomass, even though inorganic P and N concentrations were significantly lower in recirculated than in once-through streams. Areal-specific P uptake rates (measured with 33P) were significantly greater on two dates in no-snail streams compared with snail streams, presumably because of the greater biomass levels in the former systems. Differences in biomass-specific P uptake rates were not significantly affected by either grazer density or water supply. Relative abundances of most algal species were unaffected by the water supply treatment, although percent biovolume of two Epithemia species was greater in no-snail, recirculated than in no-snail, once-through streams. Grazing activity dramatically reduced the percent biovolume of species with upright growth forms, resulting in dominance by species with prostrate growth forms.

Root morphological characteristics of host species having distinct mycorrhizal dependency

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Manjunath ◽  
M. Habte
Keyword(s):  
Root Hair ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Hair Length ◽  
Mycorrhizal Dependency ◽  
Root Characteristics

Greenhouse and growth chamber investigations were undertaken using selected Leucaena and Sesbania species to determine the extent to which root morphological characteristics and rhizosphere acid production could explain differences in mycorrhizal dependency of host plants. Compared with the moderately to very highly mycorrhizal-dependent Leucaena species, the marginally to moderately dependent Sesbania species were characterized by higher root mass, higher root density, higher root surface area, higher root length, smaller root diameter, higher percentage of root hair incidence, higher shoot to root ratio, and higher total P uptake. The two groups of species were not consistently different from each other with respect to mycorrhizal colonization level, root hair diameter, root hair length, P uptake per unit root surface area, and acid production in agar media. A stepwise regression model in which mycorrhizal dependency (MD) was used as the dependent variable and root characteristics as independent variables suggested that root mass, root hair length, root diameter, root density, and root hair incidence were important determinants of MD, with root mass accounting for 65.5% of the variability. The results suggest that differences in the mycorrhizal dependency of host species can be largely predicted from root characteristics data. Key words: Brassica, Leucaena, Sesbania, P uptake, root hair, root mass.

scholarly journals Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Irrigated Corn in the Northern Great Plains

1907 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 842-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Wienhold ◽  
Todd P. Trooien ◽  
George A. Reichman
Keyword(s):  
Great Plains ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Use Efficiency

scholarly journals Effect of Irrigation and Preplant Nitrogen Fertilizer Source on Maize in the Southern Great Plains

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob T. Bushong ◽  
Eric C. Miller ◽  
Jeremiah L. Mullock ◽  
D. Brian Arnall ◽  
William R. Raun
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Southern Great Plains ◽  
Production Practice ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
N Use

With the demand for maize increasing, production has spread into more water limited, semiarid regions. Couple this with the increasing nitrogen (N) fertilizer costs and environmental concerns and the need for proper management practices has increased. A trial was established to evaluate the effects of different preplant N fertilizer sources on maize cultivated under deficit irrigation or rain-fed conditions on grain yield, N use efficiency (NUE), and water use efficiency (WUE). Two fertilizer sources, ammonium sulfate (AS) and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), applied at two rates, 90 and 180 kg N ha−1, were evaluated across four site-years. Deficit irrigation improved grain yield, WUE, and NUE compared to rain-fed conditions. The preplant application of a pure ammoniacal source of N fertilizer, such as AS, had a tendency to increase grain yields and NUE for rain-fed treatments. Under irrigated conditions, the use of UAN as a preplant N fertilizer source performed just as well or better at improving grain yield compared to AS, as long as the potential N loss mechanisms were minimized. Producers applying N preplant as a single application should adjust rates based on a reasonable yield goal and production practice.

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