scholarly journals Mucosal Herpes Immunity and Immunopathology to Ocular and Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Infections

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aziz Alami Chentoufi ◽  
Lbachir BenMohamed
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Cold Sores ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Disseminated Disease ◽  
Hsv 1

Herpes simplex viruses type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are amongst the most common human infectious viral pathogens capable of causing serious clinical diseases at every stage of life, from fatal disseminated disease in newborns to cold sores genital ulcerations and blinding eye disease. Primary mucocutaneous infection with HSV-1 & HSV-2 is followed by a lifelong viral latency in the sensory ganglia. In the majority of cases, herpes infections are clinically asymptomatic. However, in symptomatic individuals, the latent HSV can spontaneously and frequently reactivate, reinfecting the muco-cutaneous surfaces and causing painful recurrent diseases. The innate and adaptive mucosal immunities to herpes infections and disease remain to be fully characterized. The understanding of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms operating at muco-cutaneous surfaces is fundamental to the design of next-generation herpes vaccines. In this paper, the phenotypic and functional properties of innate and adaptive mucosal immune cells, their role in antiherpes immunity, and immunopathology are reviewed. The progress and limitations in developing a safe and efficient mucosal herpes vaccine are discussed.

Typing of Clinical Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Type 2 Isolates with Monoclonal Antibodies

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 2717-2718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Åke Liljeqvist ◽  
Bo Svennerholm ◽  
Tomas Bergström
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Glycoprotein C ◽  
Glycoprotein G ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of a herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1-specific anti-glycoprotein C-1 monoclonal antibody (MAb) and a type 2-specific anti-glycoprotein G-2 MAb for typing of 2,400 clinical HSV-1 isolates and 2,400 clinical HSV-2 isolates, respectively, using an enzyme immunoassay. The anti-HSV-1 MAb showed sensitivity and specificity of 100%, and the anti-HSV-2 MAb showed a sensitivity of 99.46% and 100% specificity, indicating that these MAbs are suitable for typing of clinical HSV isolates.

scholarly journals Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Interactions with the Interferon System

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (14) ◽  
pp. 5150
Author(s):  
Kevin Danastas ◽  
Monica Miranda-Saksena ◽  
Anthony L. Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Interferon Stimulated Genes ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

The interferon (IFN) system is one of the first lines of defense activated against invading viral pathogens. Upon secretion, IFNs activate a signaling cascade resulting in the production of several interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), which work to limit viral replication and establish an overall anti-viral state. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is a ubiquitous human pathogen that has evolved to downregulate the IFN response and establish lifelong latent infection in sensory neurons of the host. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which the host innate immune system detects invading HSV-1 virions, the subsequent IFN response generated to limit viral infection, and the evasion strategies developed by HSV-1 to evade the immune system and establish latency in the host.

scholarly journals Activity of Penciclovir in Combination with Azido-Thymidine, Ganciclovir, Acyclovir, Foscarnet and Human Interferons against Herpes Simplex Virus Replication in Cell Culture

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sutton ◽  
J. Taylor ◽  
T. H. Bacon ◽  
M. R. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

Combinations of penciclovir (PCV) with other antiviral agents (acyclovir, ACV; ganciclovir, GCV; foscarnet, PFA; azido-thymidine, AZT) or with human interferons (HulFN-α,β,γ) were tested for inhibitory activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2) in cell culture. The antiviral interactions observed between combinations of PCV with ACV or GCV were purely additive. Combinations of PCV with HulFNs demonstrated highly synergistic anti-herpesvirus activity; some synergy was also detected between PCV and PFA against HSV-1. High concentrations of AZT inhibited the antiviral activity of PCV; this antagonism was competitive. In more detailed studies it was demonstrated that high concentrations of AZT also inhibited the antiviral activity of ACV, and that ACV was more sensitive to this antagonism than PCV. It was concluded that the antagonism was unlikely to have clinical significance.

scholarly journals Binding of Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein B (gB) to Paired Immunoglobulin-Like Type 2 Receptor α Depends on Specific Sialylated O-Linked Glycans on gB

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (24) ◽  
pp. 13042-13045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Qing Fan ◽  
Takeshi Satoh ◽  
Jun Arii ◽  
Lewis L. Lanier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Glycoprotein B ◽  
Inhibitory Receptor ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT Paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor α (PILRα) is an inhibitory receptor expressed on both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. Its binding to a cellular ligand, CD99, depends on the presence of sialylated O-linked glycans on CD99. Glycoprotein B (gB) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) binds to PILRα, and this association is involved in HSV-1 infection. Here, we found that the presence of sialylated O-glycans on gB is required for gB to associate with PILRα. Furthermore, we identified two threonine residues on gB that are essential for the addition of the principal O-glycans acquired by gB and that are also essential for the binding of PILRα to gB.

scholarly journals Characterization of Herpes Simplex Viruses Selected in Culture for Resistance to Penciclovir or Acyclovir

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1761-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Sarisky ◽  
Matthew R. Quail ◽  
Philip E. Clark ◽  
Tammy T. Nguyen ◽  
Wendy S. Halsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT Penciclovir (PCV), an antiherpesvirus agent in the same class as acyclovir (ACV), is phosphorylated in herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected cells by the viral thymidine kinase (TK). Resistance to ACV has been mapped to mutations within either the TK or the DNA polymerase gene. An identical activation pathway, the similarity in mode of action, and the invariant cross-resistance of TK-negative mutants argue that the mechanisms of resistance to PCV and ACV are likely to be analogous. A total of 48 HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 isolates were selected after passage in the presence of increasing concentrations of PCV or ACV in MRC-5 cells. Phenotypic analysis suggested these isolates were deficient in TK activity. Moreover, sequencing of the TK genes from ACV-selected mutants identified two homopolymeric G-C nucleotide stretches as putative hot spots, thereby confirming previous reports examining Acvr clinical isolates. Surprisingly, mutations identified in PCV-selected mutants were generally not in these regions but distributed throughout the TK gene and at similar frequencies of occurrence within A-T or G-C nucleotides, regardless of virus type. Furthermore, HSV-1 isolates selected in the presence of ACV commonly included frameshift mutations, while PCV-selected HSV-1 mutants contained mostly nonconservative amino acid changes. Data from this panel of laboratory isolates show that Pcvr mutants share cross-resistance and only limited sequence similarity with HSV mutants identified following ACV selection. Subtle differences between PCV and ACV in the interaction with viral TK or polymerase may account for the different spectra of genotypes observed for the two sets of mutants.

scholarly journals Differences in attachment between herpes simplex type 1 and type 2 viruses to neurons and glial cells

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-680
Author(s):  
A Vahlne ◽  
B Svennerholm ◽  
M Sandberg ◽  
A Hamberger ◽  
E Lycke
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
No Adsorption ◽  
Virus Binding ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Astrocytic Glia ◽  
Hsv 1

Fractions of nerve cell perikarya, synaptosomes, and astrocytic glia were prepared from human, monkey , rabbit, rat, and mouse brain tissue. The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) binding capacity of these fractions was studied. Pretreatment of fractions with one type of HSV and the subsequent testing of adsorption of homotypic and heterotypic virus ws employed to reveal type selectivity of virus binding receptors. A higher density of HSV-1 than of HSV-2 selective receptors was found on synaptosomes and glial cells, except with mouse-derived preparations. Synaptosomal and glial cell preparations of mouse brains adsorbed both types of HSV well. Little or no adsorption was observed with HSV-1 and HSV-2 to neuronal perikarya. The type selectivity of HSV binding receptors on brain cells ws demonstrated on preparations of human synaptosomes and mouse glial cells. Some possible implications of the observations on the HSV infection of the nervous system are discussed.

scholarly journals Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Is More Difficult to Neutralize by Antibodies Than Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 478
Author(s):  
Christiane Silke Heilingloh ◽  
Christopher Lull ◽  
Elissa Kleiser ◽  
Mira Alt ◽  
Leonie Schipper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Vaccine Trial ◽  
Antibody Treatment ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

Infections with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are a global health burden. Besides painful oral or genital lesions in otherwise healthy subjects, both viruses can cause devastating morbidity and mortality in immune-compromised and immune-immature individuals. The latter are particularly susceptible to a disseminated, life-threatening disease. Neutralizing antibodies (NAb) constitute a correlate of protection from disease, and are promising candidates for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of severe HSV infections. However, a clinical vaccine trial suggested that HSV-2 might be more resistant to NAbs than HSV-1. In the present study, we investigated the antiviral efficacy of the well-characterized humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) hu2c against HSV-2, in a NOD/SCID immunodeficiency mouse model. Despite the fact that hu2c recognizes a fully conserved epitope and binds HSV-1 and HSV-2 glycoprotein B with equal affinity, it was much less effective against HSV-2 in vitro and in NOD/SCID mice. Although intravenous antibody treatment prolonged the survival of HSV-2-infected mice, complete protection from death was not achieved. Our data demonstrate that HSV-2 is more resistant to NAbs than HSV-1, even if the same antibody and antigen are concerned, making the development of a vaccine or therapeutic antibodies more challenging.

scholarly journals Performance of Two Commercial Glycoprotein G-Based Enzyme Immunoassays for Detecting Antibodies to Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2 in Children and Young Adolescents

2002 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1124-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles T. Leach ◽  
Rhoda L. Ashley ◽  
Jacques Baillargeon ◽  
Hal B. Jenson
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Aged Patients ◽  
Herpes Simplex Viruses ◽  
Glycoprotein G ◽  
Children And Young Adolescents ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT In 61 patients 1 to 14 years of age, the Gull/Meridian enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) had a sensitivity of 100% for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and specificities of 74% for HSV-1 and 48% for HSV-2. In 128 similarly aged patients, the HerpeSelect ELISA (Focus Technologies) showed sensitivities of 80% for HSV-1 and 88% for HSV-2, and specificities of 97% for HSV-1 and 100% for HSV-2.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document