scholarly journals The Development of Expressive Drawing Abilities during Childhood and into Adolescence

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delphine Picard ◽  
Christophe Gauthier
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Comprehensive View ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Developmental Shift ◽  
Complex Forms ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Age Related Changes ◽  
The Way

The way children portray emotions in their drawings of human and nonhuman topics is assumed to reflect their artistic, emotional, and cognitive development. This study was designed to investigate the development of expressive drawings during childhood and into adolescence, using a large age range (5–15 years) and sample size (N=480), so as to provide a precise and comprehensive view of age-related changes in children’s ability to produce expressive drawings. More specifically, we focused on children’s developing ability to use the techniques of literal and metaphorical expression, either alone or in combination. We also examined the effects of sex, topics (house, tree, or person), and the depicted emotion (happiness or sadness) on the use of each expressive technique. The main findings were that there is a developmental shift between childhood (5–10 years) and adolescence (11–15 years) in the use of expressive techniques, from simple (literal) to more complex forms of expression (metaphorical).

scholarly journals Somatotypical features of the age dynamics of secondary sexual characteristics and functional parameters in city schoolchildren

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
V. A. Melnik
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Age Dynamics ◽  
Functional Parameters ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Age Related Changes ◽  
Secondary Sexual

Objective: to assess the constitutional features of the age dynamics of secondary sexual characteristics and functional parameters of city schoolchildren in the age range of 7–17 years.Materials and methods. The objects of the study were schoolchildren aged 7–17. The stages of the expression of secondary sexual characteristics were determined visually according to the scheme by J.M. Tanner. The functional parameters of the examined schoolchildren were assessed using the methods of dynamometry, spirometry; blood pressure and heart rates, as well as the time of simple sensorimotor reactions were measured.Results. As a result of the performed studies, it has been found that representatives of the hypersomnic types are ahead of other types to reveal the first stages of secondary sexual characteristics. Schoolchildren with the leptosomic morphotypes due to higher rates of their development have reached the definitive stages by the same age as those with the hypersomnic variants. The intensity of age-related changes in functional parameters (strength qualities, circulatory and respiratory systems, nervous system) in the studied objects depends on their body type.Conclusion. The stage and rate of puberty, as well as the development of functional parameters in city schoolchildren depends on their somatotype.

Age-Related Changes in Presynaptic Inhibition During Gait Initiation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solival Santos Filho ◽  
Daniel Boari Coelho ◽  
Carlos Ugrinowitsch ◽  
Caroline Ribeiro de Souza ◽  
Fernando Henrique Magalhães ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Presynaptic Inhibition ◽  
Gait Initiation ◽  
Quiet Stance ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Contraction Ratio ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Age Related Changes ◽  
Presynaptic Control

Abstract Age-related changes in presynaptic inhibition (PSI) have not been observed during gait initiation, which requires anticipatory postural adjustment (APA). As APA is centrally modulated and is impaired in older compared to young adults, here we aimed to study the presynaptic control and co-contraction levels in the ankle muscles during gait initiation in older compared to young adults. Fifteen older (age range 65–80 years) and 15 young adults (age range 19–30 years) performed a gait initiation task on a force platform under 3 conditions: (i) without electrical stimulation; (ii) test Hoffman reflex (H-reflex); and (iii) conditioned H-reflex. H-reflexes were evoked on the soleus muscle when the APA amplitude exceeded 10%–20% of the average baseline mediolateral force. Participants also performed quiet stance as a control task. Results showed that both age groups presented similar PSI levels during quiet stance (p = .941), while in the gait initiation older adults presented higher PSI levels, longer duration, and lower amplitude of APA than young adults (p < .05). Older adults presented higher co-contraction ratio in both tasks than young adults (p < .05). Correlations between the PSI levels and the APA amplitude (r = −0.61, p = .008), and between the PSI levels and the co-contraction ratio during gait initiation (r = −0.64, p = .005) were found for older adults only. APA amplitude explained 49% of the variance of the PSI levels (p = .003). Our findings suggest that older compared to young adults have increased presynaptic control to compensate for the decreased supraspinal modulation on impaired APAs during gait initiation.

Age-Related Changes in Children's Use of the Discounting Heuristic: Cognitive Development or Linguistic Confusion?

1985 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet E. Fischel ◽  
Robert M. Liebert
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Fourth Graders ◽  
Second Graders ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Social Cognitive Processing ◽  
Age Related Changes

Dalenberg, Bierman, and Furman suggest that kindergartners' failure to employ a discounting heuristic in previous studies may be a function of inadequate understanding of the questions asked of them. Using a methodology of questioning different from previous research, Dalenberg, et al. concluded that kindergartners do use the heuristic. However, review of their 1984 data indicates little support for that conclusion. While second graders and fourth graders increasingly used the heuristic, the data provided for kindergartners more fully support prior research in which such use was weak or entirely absent. It is concluded that real and often profound changes in social cognitive processing do occur between the ages of five and ten.

Evidence for a Neo-Piagetian Stage Transition in Early Cognitive Development

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc D. Lewis ◽  
Anthony J. Ash
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Pass Rate ◽  
Onset Age ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cognitive Operations ◽  
Stage Transition ◽  
Stage Change ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Age Range ◽  
And Task

Criticisms of Piaget's stage theory have led neo-Piagetians to redefine stage change as an age-related-and possibly spurt-like-shift in the level of diverse cognitive operations. This study tests a hypothesised stage shift according to this definition, using longitudinal methodology in the period of early infancy. Case's theory of development predicts a stage transition beginning at about 4 months. To test this prediction, infants' performance on a battery of six sensorimotor tasks was examined weekly as they crossed the age range between 2.5 and 5.5 months. For all tasks, a pass rate of 50% was first observed between 3.7 and 4.6 months, and task profiles showed some evidence of clustering or synchrony. In addition, onset age data indicated intra-individual synchrony in task acquisitions, suggesting discontinuous or spurt-like changes in overall development. These results are consistent with a neo-Piagetian definition of stage change, and lend support to Case's model of early cognitive development.

Age-related Changes in Recognition and Response Criterion

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 557-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurora G. Suengas ◽  
Trinidad Ruiz Gallego-Largo ◽  
Teresa Simón
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Response Criterion ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Recognition And Response ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Age Related Changes ◽  
Better Than

Recognition performance does not usually change along the lifespan, but the response criterion usually does, and in general, it changes from being conservative during youth to being liberal, in old age. The focus of the present study is to analyze the changes that take place, both in discrimination and response criterion, as a result of aging in two recognition tasks: one with neutral images, and the other with faces showing positive and negative emotional expressions. Two groups of participants performed both tasks: young (N = 21; age range, 17-33 years), older (N = 21; age range, 65-91 years). The analyses of several discrimination parameters (d′ and probability of recognition) and the response criterion yielded significant age differences. Thus, results indicated that the ability to discriminate of older participants was better than that of younger participants when having to recognize neutral images, and faces with negative emotional expressions. The response criterion of younger participants was always conservative, whereas older participants only showed liberal criteria in front of faces with emotional expressions. In relation to the neutral images, the response criterion of older participants was optimum, because it led to more hits, without increasing the false alarms. The results are partially explained by the tasks differential difficulty, and are discussed within the frame of Simulation theory.

scholarly journals Age-related decline in positive emotional reactivity and emotion regulation in a population-derived cohort

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 623-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Schweizer ◽  
Jason Stretton ◽  
Janna Van Belle ◽  
Darren Price ◽  
Andrew J Calder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Functional Decline ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Affective Processing ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Positive Reactivity ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Age Related Changes

Abstract Human older age ushers in functional decline across the majority of cognitive domains. A notable exception seems to be affective processing, with older people reporting higher levels of emotional well-being. Here we evaluated age-related changes in emotional reactivity and regulation in a representative subsample (N = 104; age range: 23–88 years) of the population-derived Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience cohort. Performance on a film-based emotion reactivity and regulation task in the magnetic resonance imaging scanner showed an age-related decline in positive reactivity, alongside a similar decline in the capacity to down-regulate negative affect. Decreased positivity with age was associated with reduced activation in the middle frontal gyrus. These findings, from the largest neuroimaging investigation to-date, provide no support for age-related increases in positive emotional reactivity.

scholarly journals Age-Related Changes in Resting-State Networks of A Large Sample Size of Healthy Elderly

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 817-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Chao Huang ◽  
Wen-Jin Hsieh ◽  
Pei-Lin Lee ◽  
Li-Ning Peng ◽  
Li-Kuo Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Resting State Networks ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Changes

scholarly journals Age-Related Changes in Maximal Power and Maximal Heart Rate Recorded during a Ramped Test in 114 Cyclists Age 15–73 Years

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Balmer ◽  
Christopher R. Potter ◽  
Steve R. Bird ◽  
R.C. Richard Davison
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Maximal Power ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Ergometer Test ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Age Related Changes

This study assessed age-related changes in power and heart rate in 114 competitive male cyclists age 15–73 years. Participants completed a maximal Kingcycle™ ergometer test with maximal ramped minute power (RMPmax, W) recorded as the highest average power during any 60 s and maximal heart rate (HRmax, beats/min) as the highest value during the test. From age 15 to 29 (n= 38) RMPmaxincreased by 7.2 W/year (r= .53, SE 49 W,p< .05). From age 30 to 73 (n= 78) RMPmaxdeclined by 2.4 W/year (r= –.49, SE 49 W,p< .05). Heart rate decreased across the full age range by 0.66 beats · min–1· year–1(r= –.75, SE 9 beats/min,p< .05). Age accounted for only 25% of the variance in RMPmaxbut 56% in HRmax. RMPmaxwas shown to peak at age 30, then decline with age, whereas HRmaxdeclined across the full age range.

scholarly journals Age-Related Peculiarities of Motor Abilities Development in 12-14-Year-Old Boys

2015 ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
О. В. Іващенко ◽  
Д. А. Спесивцев
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
Mathematical Statistics ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Motor Abilities ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Age Related Changes

The research objective is to determine the age-related peculiarities of development of motor abilities in 12-14-year-old boys. To achieve the tasks set, the research used the following methods: theoretical analysis and collation of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical testing, methods of mathematical statistics. To determine the age-related changes in the motor readiness, the 12-14-year-old boys took some commonly known tests, and the results obtained underwent analysis by the Hotelling criterion. The study involved 12 boys aged 12, 12 boys aged 13, and 12 boys aged 14. Conclusions. The boys within the age range of 12-14 manifested an increase in their speed force and speed. With age, the 12-14-year-old boys do show positive dynamics in the tests “Bending and unbending of arms in the lying support”, “1,500 m running”. The 12-14-year-old boys demonstrated a clear structure of motor readiness, which tends to change with age. If endurance and relative strength are the priorities in development at the age of 12, it is agility and speed force that come to the forefront at the age of 14.

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