Electronic Expansion Valve Experimental System Debugging Solution Based on PI Control Algorithm on Single-Tube Heat Exchange Experimental Platform

In this paper, the electronic expansion valve (EXV) on the single-tube heat exchange experimental platform was used as a research object. Firstly, the EXVs were selected according to the experimental requirements, and the functional parameters were set. Subsequently, the effective opening ranges of the EXVs were determined by manual control, and the control effects of the EXVs installed at the front and back ends of the test section were compared. Finally, by self-tuning and optimizing the best response curves, the proportional and integral coefficients suitable for the experimental platform were obtained; thus, the automatic intelligent control of EXV based on the proportional integral (PI) control algorithm was realized. From setting EXV functional parameters to realizing PI control, an appropriate experimental system-debugging solution for the whole process could be obtained. Based on the solution, the system stability could be improved, and the transition process time could be shortened. Furthermore, the solution also provided a method to guarantee the accuracy of experimental data and could be applied to the debugging of similar experimental systems.

3D texture parameters for wear scars after severe regime

Purpose This paper aims to present an analysis of several 3 D texture parameters for the entire wear scars obtained in severe regime, on a four-ball tester. The aim of this analysis is to correlate the tribological parameter as wear scar diameter to texture parameters. Design/methodology/approach Tested lubricants were rapeseed oil, rapeseed oil additivated with 1% Wt nano TiO2 and rapeseed oil additivated with 1%Wt nano ZnO. The severe regime was applied for 1400 rpm and for loads increasing in steps of 50 N, from 500 to 900 N. Several analyzed roughness parameters (height parameters and functional ones) could be related to the evolution of a wear parameter, the wear scar diameter. Comparing the values for neat rapeseed oil and additivated variants, the texture parameters allow for evaluating if the additives protect or not the worn surfaces. Findings Measurements pointed out two groups of roughness parameters: one that has an evolution depending on wear scar diameter (WSD) and load (Sa, St, functional parameters) and one including Ssk that has shown no dependence on load and WSD. Also, the functional parameters Spk and Svk follow in a similar manner the wear parameter, WSD, but Sk is the least dependent on load. For the highest load, amplitude parameters such as Sa and St are following the tendency of WSD. Each lubricant has its particular correlation between wear parameters and texture quality, expressed by the help of a set of roughness parameters. Research limitations/implications Such studies help tribologists to rank lubricants based on a combined analysis with wear parameters and texture parameters. Practical implications The results allow for evaluating new formulated lubricants. Originality/value The study on the quality on worn surfaces introduces the original idea of analyzing the entire wear scar surface (approximated by an ellipse with the axes as those experimentally measured) by the help of a set of 3 D roughness parameters.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF EAR GRAIN SEPARATION PROCESS DEPENDING ON THE LENGTH OF THE AXIAL FLOW THRESHING APPARATUS

Modeling the threshing and separation process involves the application of a method of description, analysis and analytical determination of system performance: threshing apparatus - working process. The modeling of the process of separating the seeds passing through an axial flow threshing device was performed taking into account that the separation function ss(x) is given depending on the length of the threshing apparatus. Then, models were made to describe the variation of the percentage (cumulative) of separated seeds ss (x=L), corresponding to the modification of the threshing apparatus functional parameters (depending on the peripheral speed of the rotor, the flow of straw parts and the moisture of straw parts).

Regarding the Question of Postoperative Asthenopia

Relevance. It is well known that asthenopic complaints, such as increased visual fatigue when working at close range, lacrimation, eye pain and headache after corneal refractive operations in recent years are increasingly common at routine ophthalmological practice. They cause significant subjective discomfort in patients and reduce the satisfaction of the surgery. The pathogenesis of asthenopia is a violation of the coordinated work of the accommodation and binocular systems as a result of their overstrain with excessive visual loads.Purpose. To study the role of the lack of adequate optical correction before surgery in the development of asthenopia in patients with mild and moderate myopia after ReLEx SMILE surgery, as well as to evaluate the effectiveness of drug correction of this condition.Patients and methods. This study included 84 patients (128 eyes) who spend more than 8 hours at a computer due to their professional activity, without pathology of the visual organ that prevents keratorefractive operations, whose average age was 33.2 ± 1.9 years.Results and discussion. The ReLEx SMILE operations in all patients were carried out without complications with the achievement of uncorrected visual acuity equal to the preoperative values of the maximum corrected visual acuity in the period of 1 week and 1 month. In the group with a preoperative lack of adequate optical correction, signs of asthenopia were more often manifested than in patients using full eyeglass or contact correction before surgery. The appointment of the drug Mydrimax® allows to improve the subjective state of patients with asthenopia and leads to the normalization of functional parameters.Conclusion. Corneal refractive operations in patients with the lack of adequate correction of refractive disorders before surgery leads to a significantly significant increase in the initially impaired functional parameters compared to preoperative values, however, it does not reach normal values in most cases and is accompanied by a greater probability of developing postoperative asthenopia.

DEVELOPMENT OF PROGNOSTIC MODELS FOR CALCULATION OF ASYMMETRY COEFFICIENT OF CHEWING MUSCLE TONE AT VARIOUS STAGES OF ORTHODONTIC CORRECTION

Цель работы: Разработка прогностических моделей для оценки зависимости коэффициента асимметрии тонуса собственно жевательных мышц от функциональных параметров жевательных мышц и иммуноферментного состава ротовой жидкости на различных этапах ортодонтической коррекции. Материал и методы исследования: В исследовании приняли участие 82 пациента Детской клинической стоматологической поликлиники №2 г. Воронежа в возрасте от 6 до 12 лет с дистальной окклюзией зубных рядов, которым было рекомендовано лечение пластиночным аппаратом в модификации Шварца. Проводилась оценка функциональных параметров жевательных мышц: средней амплитуды биоэлектрической активности височных и подъязычных мышц, тонуса покоя и коэффициента асимметрии собственно жевательных мышц; количественное определение общих иммуноглобулинов G, А, M и секреторного иммуноглобулина A ротовой жидкости до начала лечения, через 3 и через 6 месяцев. Статистический анализ осуществлялся с использованием программ IBM SPSS Statistics 20, StatTech v. 1.2.0. Прогностическая модель, характеризующая зависимость количественной переменной от факторов, разрабатывалась с помощью метода множественной линейной регрессии. Результаты: Разработаны 2 прогностические модели. Полученные данные связаны с перестройкой функциональных параметров жевательной мускулатуры в результате ортодонтической коррекции. Вывод: Разработаны 2 прогностические модели для оценки зависимости коэффициента асимметрии тонуса собственно жевательных мышц от функциональных параметров жевательных мышц и иммуноферментного состава ротовой жидкости через 3 и 6 месяцев ортодонтической коррекции, которые позволят врачу грамотно выстроить план лечения, спрогнозировать его срок, повысить качество и эффективность диагностики The purpose of the work: Development of prognostic models for assessing the dependence of the asymmetry coefficient of the tone of the chewing muscles proper on the functional parameters of the chewing muscles and the immunoenzyme composition of the oral fluid at various stages of orthodontic correction. Material and methods of research: The study was attended by 82 patients of the Children's Clinical Dental Clinic No. 2 of Voronezh, aged 6 to 12 years, with distal occlusion of the dentition, who were recommended for treatment with a plate machine in the Schwartz modification. The functional parameters of chewing muscles were evaluated: the average amplitude of the bioelectric activity of temporal and sublingual muscles, the resting tone and the asymmetry coefficient of the chewing muscles themselves; quantification of total immunoglobulins G, A, M and oral fluid secretory immunoglobulin A before treatment, at 3 and 6 months. Statistical analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics 20, StatTech v. 1.2.0 (developer - Stattech LLC, Russia). A predictive model characterizing the dependence of a quantitative variable on factors was developed using the multiple linear regression method. Results: 2 prognostic models developed. The obtained data are related to reconfiguration of functional parameters of chewing muscles as a result of orthodontic correction. Conclusion: 2 prognostic models have been developed to assess the dependence of the asymmetry coefficient of the tone of the chewing muscles proper on the functional parameters of the chewing muscles and the immunoenzyme composition of the oral fluid after 3 and 6 months of orthodontic correction, which will allow the doctor to competently build a treatment plan, predict its duration, increase the quality and effectiveness of diagnosis

DYNAMICS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL INDICATORS IN THE COURSE OF TREATING EXACERBATION OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE

Repeated exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cause progression of this disease and result in its unfavorable outcome. Prevention of the first exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and alleviation of exacerbations are key goals in the treatment of the disease. Due to the fact that immune mechanisms occupy the central place in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the aim of the study was to study immunological parameters in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at the beginning of exacerbation and in the period of exacerbation termination, as well as the way how changes in immunological indicators affect the dynamics of pulmonary functional parameters in the process of treating patients with exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The study included 116 patients hospitalized in the pulmonology department due to the first exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In addition to the standard set of studies, patients underwent lymphocyte phenotyping using CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20 monoclonal antibodies, evaluation of neutrophils' phagocytic activity in a latex test, determination of immunoglobulins – IgG, IgA, IgM concentrations, circulating immune complexes and cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-8, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the serum. The above-described range of studies was carried out on the 2nd day of inpatient treatment and on the 10th–12th days of treatment. The results of the study showed that COPD exacerbation is associated with quantitative insufficiency of the cellular link in adaptive immunity against the background of activation of its humoral link. The features of the cytokine profile in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in exacerbation stage testified to the activated production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-8) and the main cytokines associated with the activation of humoral (IL-4) and cellular (IFN-γ) components of adaptive immunity. At this, the function of the cellular link was activated to a greater extent, as indicated by an increase in the ratio of IFN-γ/ IL-4. Analysis of indicators of external respiration function enabled us to establish that all speed indicators in patients were lower than in healthy ones. The functional parameters of the lungs, as well as immunological parameters, did not undergo significant changes as a result of treatment, which determines further progression of the disease.

METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE LONG-TERM RESULTS OF SURGICAL TREATMENT ON THE SPINE AND SPINAL CORD IN CHILDREN

Разработанная шкала применяется для оценки результатов лечения после корригирующих операций на позвоночнике и спинном мозге и является основанием для проведения патогенетически обоснованных реабилитационных мероприятий. Методика основана на балльной оценке общеклинических, неврологических, рентгенологических, функциональных показателей, в результате которой объективно отражается степень выраженности неврологических дефицитов, нарушение функций костно-суставной системы и тазовых органов. Получен патент на изобретение Республики Казахстан №26019 от 14.09.2012. Бюлл. №9 Rehabilitation actions are spent depending on a condition of the patient according to this scale. The technique allows to investigate objectively a degree of neurologic symptoms, infringements of functions of spine and urinare function after operation. The scale is based on an estimation of clinical, neurologic, radiological and functional parameters. Patent for inventions of the Republic of Kazakhstan № 26019 dated 14.09.2012 was obtained. Byul. № 9

Study on cardio-respiratory adaptive mechanisms for performance athletes with physical disabilities

Introduction.Recently, the emphasis has been on the problems faced by performance athletes with physical deficiencies of the spine. The aim of the paper is to train coaches in awareness of physical problems, especially of the spine in swimming athletes aged 10-12 years and the development of kinetic programs on land in order to correct them. Material and method. Research on the effectiveness of kinetic programs as means of correction are very numerous and, in this regard, we aim to select the most effective exercises to correct deficiencies acquired by swimmers and change the functional parameters of the cardio-respiratory system during their training. In order to highlight the need for kinetic correction programs, the coach must work in collaboration with the sports doctor and the physiotherapist in order to prevent possible deviations from normal somatic-functional values. Results and discussions. Regarding the estimation of the adaptive possibilities of the cardio-respiratory capacity, hence the need to apply a complex of tests to assess the effort capacity of athletes. Conclusions. In this sense, we will submit to the study the performance group from the University Sports Club from Suceava, and the recovery programs will take place within the Swimming and Kinesiology Complex, Suceava. Keywords: adaptive mechanisms, performance swimmers, functional physical deficiencies, kinetic means,