Age dynamics of the need for outpatient medical care for conditions that determine the basic value of the need in women with the diseases of the circulatory system

INTRODUCTION: The results obtained from the analysis of age dynamics are insufficient for development a program of reducing morbidity and, ultimately, mortality, since a need of medical care already indicates a problem; so prevention and screening programs should surpass the emergence of these problems. AIM: To analyze the age dynamics of the need for outpatient medical care for conditions that determine the basic value of the need in women with diseases of the circulatory system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We used data on 780,000 visits during one year to medical organizations that provide medical care on an outpatient basis. We studied the probability of an episode and the dynamics of the frequency of episodes depending on age in six five-year age groups: 31 to 35 years, 36 to 40 years, 41 to 45 years, 46 to 50 years, 51 to 55 years, and 56 to 60 years. The dynamics of the frequency of episodes was modeled by a mathematical function with the largest value of the approximation coefficient. The dynamics of the frequency of episodes was modeled by a mathematical function with the largest value of the approximation coefficient. RESULTS: The dynamics of the need for outpatient medical care for hypertensive diseases [Diseases characterized by high blood pressure] (I10 – I15), ischemic heart diseases (I20 – I25) and vascular diseases of the brain (I60 – I69) is characterized by an increasing trend in demand indicators throughout the studied age period. The greatest increase in indicators is observed in the age groups of 31–40 years for ischemic heart diseases and vascular diseases of the brain and 41–50 years for hypertensive conditions. The greatest increase in demand is observed for coronary heart diseases (I20 – I25). The total amount of resources required increases more than 350 times over the 30-year age period, despite the stable value of the average duration of treatment. The increase in the total amount of resources required for vascular diseases of the brain is 30 times. The lowest growth gradient is registered in relation to hypertensive conditions (10-fold growth). As a critical age period, it is most appropriate to consider the age of a woman under 35 years. CONCLUSION: Mathematical modeling is optimally performed using power functions for hypertensive conditions and vascular diseases of the brain and exponential functions for ischemic heart diseases. All the proposed models are characterized by high approximation coefficients.

DYNAMICS OF PARASITOFAUNA OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS OF IDE LEUCISCUS IDUS (L. 1758) OF LOWER IRTYSH

The paper aims to identify the age-related dynamics patterns of distributing the parasitofauna of ide in the Lower Irtysh. The composition of the ide parasitic community is represented by sixteen species belonging to the classes Monogenea, Cestoda, Trematoda, Nematoda, Copepoda, where Trematoda class is remarkable for the highest species diversity (9 species). It has been stated that the composition of the ide parasite fauna is distributed nonuniformly within the age groups. The study noted the presence of parasite species invading ide of any age group; there were also parasitic organisms observed either in young ide representatives, or in older fish species, as well as there were found parasite species not belonging to any distribution system. According to the analysis results of the age dynamics of the average invasion intensity, it has been found that the representatives of O. felineus and R. campanula prevailed in the number of specimens in all age groups of ide. The dynamics of the invasion extensity conditionally corresponds to three groups: EI growing with the fish aging, EI with a decreasing dynamics, constant EI = 100% (represented by R. campanula). The parasitofauna of the Lower Irtysh ide is similar to the parasite fauna of ide species inhabiting other water bodies, and shows the peculiarities of occurrence both within a separate age group and in the dynamics of occurrence parameters with fish aging

Age dynamics of sexual dimorphism of anthropometric dimensions through the ascending period of ontogenesis from 1 month to 17 years (based on Moscow data)

The “model” sample is based on the data of Moscow preschool and school children aged 1-17 years, examined by the authors in 2005-06. The data on infants aged 1-12 months is collected on base of the archives of Moscow maternity hospitals and children’s hospitals in 2007-08. The quantitative estimation of the value of sexual dimorphism is based on Kullback divergence, the analogue of Makhalanobis distance. Results. For the total body dimensions (height, weight, chest girth) the pattern of dynamics of SD is similar. Through the first half of the infancy SD reaches 0.6-0.8 standard deviations. Further on SD decreases till minimal values of about 0.1-0.2 standard deviations at the age of 10-12 years. Up to 17 years, when boys experience yet active growth processes and outstrip the total body dimensions of girls, SD values increase. The values of biacromial diameter are slightly higher in boys as compared to girls through 1-13 years interval, further on SD increases to 2.3 standard deviations at 17 years of age. SD of biiliac diameter changes in a narrow corridor from -0.05 standard deviations at 11-15 years of age to 0.25 standard deviations at 6 and 17 years. The specificity of age dynamics of SD of subscapular skinfold is small negative values through the 1-12 years interval; after 12 years sexual differences increase significantly due to intensive accumulation of fat tissue in girls and reach -0.8 standard deviation up to 17 years of age. Conclusion. Age variability is the important factor of the dynamics of SD of somatic traits through the whole ontogenesis and reflects sex differences in the ratio of morphofunctional differentiation during ascending ontogenesis section. Final peculiarities of SD are formed mainly in the adolescent period of ontogenesis. Dynamics of SD has differences for total body dimensions, indices of transversal skeletal development and indices of adiposity, having different adaptive sense.

Earth Ice Age Dynamics: A Bimodal Forcing Hypothesis

The Earth has gone through multiple ice ages in the past million years. Understanding the ice age dynamics is crucial to paleoclimatic study, and is helpful for addressing future climate challenges. Though ice ages are paced by variations in Earth’s orbit geometry, how various climatic system components on the Earth respond to insolation forcing and interact with each other remains unclear. A prevailing view argues that the initial responses occur in the northern high latitudes (i.e. the northern high-latitude hypothesis, NHH). This opinion is challenged by recent reports, such as the lead of climate change in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) relative to that in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), the southern control on Atlantic meridional overturning circulations (AMOC), and the potential significance of Southern Hemisphere (SH). Alternatively, the tropical hypothesis (TH) argues for a leading role of the tropics. Both the NHH and the TH belong to a single-forcing mechanism, and have difficulty in interpreting phenomena, such as the saw-tooth pattern of the ice ages. Here we present a new proposal concerning the Earth’s ice age dynamics: the bimodal forcing hypothesis (BFH). The essential assumption of this hypothesis is that for glacial-interglacial cycles, the cooling (glaciation) starts from the northern high latitudes, whereas the warming (deglaciations) starts from the SH. Particularly, the BFH emphasizes the significance of SH oceans in accumulating and transferring heat for deglaciations. Thus, it is capable to reasonably explain the saw-tooth pattern. We compiled 100 paleotemperature records globally for validation. The BFH is consistent with most of these records, and provides a straightforward and comprehensible way to interpret ice age on Earth.

Setting the forest reference levels in the European Union: overview and challenges

Background The contribution of EU forests to climate change mitigation in 2021–2025 is assessed through the Forest Reference Levels (FRLs). The FRL is a projected country-level benchmark of net greenhouse gas emissions against which the future net emissions will be compared. The FRL models the hypothetical development of EU forest carbon sink if the historical management practices were continued, taking into account age dynamics. The Member States’ FRLs have been recently adopted by the European Commission with the delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/268 amending the Regulation (EU) 2018/841. Considering the complexity of interactions between forest growth, management and carbon fluxes, there is a need to understand uncertainties linked to the FRL determination. Results We assessed the methodologies behind the modelled FRLs and evaluated the foreseen impact of continuation of management practices and age dynamics on the near-future EU27 + UK forest carbon sink. Most of the countries implemented robust modelling approaches for simulating management practices and age dynamics within the FRL framework, but faced several challenges in ensuring consistency with historical estimates. We discuss that the projected 16% increase in harvest in 2021–2025 compared to 2000–2009, mostly attributed to age dynamics, is associated to a decline of 18% of forest sink (26% for living biomass only). Conclusions We conclude that the FRL exercise was challenging but improved the modelling capacity and data availability at country scale. The present study contributes to increase the transparency of the implementation of forest-related EU policies and provides evidence-based support to future policy development.

Age dynamics of working capacity and fatigue risk of employees of industrial enterprises, education, and healthcare

Introduction. It is necessary to consider the employee's age and health status to increase the reliability and accuracy of predicting occupational risk based on working conditions. Moreover, knowledge about the age dynamics of a person's working capacity is also required to preserve its longevity in pre-retirement and retirement age. The length of the working week (LWW) and work intensity (WI) often become the primary risk of chronic fatigue and related diseases. The latter is common among employees of industrial enterprises, doctors, teachers. The study aims to research the age dynamics of working capacity and the risk of industrial fatigue of employees of industrial enterprises, education and healthcare. Materials and methods. We examined six groups of employees. The central employees of large factories: workers engaged in regional physical labor (GR 1.1, 1175 people) and precision work (GR 1.2, 708 people), specialists, and managers (GR 1.3, 307 people). Medical workers (GR 2, 1041 people). University teachers (GR 3.1, 694 people). School teachers (GR 3.2, 130 people). Researchers studied groups by different methods, depending on the degree of diversity of the content of labor actions during the working day and their variation by days of the working week. We used the survey method to determine the degree, frequency, and duration of employee fatigue. Results. All factory workers in the age range of 18-49 years have a monotonous increase in the risk of severe fatigue at work (SFW) due to the rise in fatigue disappearance and increasing the intensity of work (IW). With an increase in the age of employees, GR 1.2 IW and working week duration (WWD) do not decrease, but all indicators of the physiological cost of maintaining the level of labor productivity increase. In workers of GR 2 and GR 3.1, the value of SWF in the age group of 30-40 years is from 6 to 14%, which is two times lower than in GR 1.1 and GR 1.2. In group GR 3.1, there is a lowering of the value of WI. We tend to reduce SFW up to 70-75 years of age; 20-35% of teachers have WWD more than 50 hours. The greatest WWD we observe at the age of 50-60 years. Also, we follow the lowering of WWD in healthcare workers, while it monotonically decreases with age. Teachers have increased WI, and there is no age-related tendency to decrease the value of SWF in them. The most significant number of university employees falls in the age group of 60-64 years and GR 1.2 - on the age of 30-34 years. Conclusions. The age dynamics of working capacity we consider as a process of biological aging of the body, the speed of which depends on the psychophysiological requirements of labor standards and the degree of their fatigue.With a tiring level of labor intensity, when the performance of labor standards requires the employee to speed and volume of sensorimotor tasks, performance decreases significantly with age. With regional physical labor without increased requirements for the accuracy of visual-motor reactions, performance decreases at the age of 51-55 years to 0.9; at 56-60 years - to 0.8; in 61-65 years - up to 0.75. With high sensorimotor requirements, performance decreases earlier and more significantly - at the age of 46-50 years to 0.7, at 51-55 years to 0.5, at the age of more than 55 years, the ability to fulfill labor standards decreases two times. With tireless work, when its result depends not on its physiological intensity (density and pace of labor actions), but on the knowledge and experience of the employee, the ability of a person to fulfill labor standards remains up to 75 years, and there is no age decrement of working capacity. Therefore, the indicator "long working hours per week" (extended hours) is a risk factor for employees' health only when combined with the physiological intensity of work that causes their fatigue on working days.

A Study of Parents’ Readiness to Raise Children with Intellectual Disabilities

The readiness of parents to raise children with intellectual disabilities is a set of emotional-motivational, cognitive and activity components, the formation of which ensures an adequate attitude of family members to the child and the choice of optimal methods of its upbringing. The article highlights the results of a study of parents’ readiness for family upbringing of children with intellectual disabilities, the research methodology is described, and a detailed analysis of the results is presented. According to the results of the experiment, it was found that a significant part of parents raising child with intellectual disabilities accept the child and its disorders at the psychological level, but they are emotionally depressed that their child has developmental disabilities. The vast majority of parents are not sufficiently aware of the psychological and pedagogical characteristics of their children, the age dynamics of their development. This negatively affects the choice of tactics and methods of education, knowledge about possible problems in learning and further adult life.