scholarly journals Will the SAFE Strategy Be Sufficient to Eliminate Trachoma by 2020? Puzzlements and Possible Solutions

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane K. Lavett ◽  
Van C. Lansingh ◽  
Marissa J. Carter ◽  
Kristen A. Eckert ◽  
Juan C. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Mass Treatment ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Surgical Quality ◽  
Safe Strategy ◽  
Endemic Areas ◽  
Blinding Trachoma

Since the inception of (the Global Elimination of Blinding Trachoma) GET 2020 in 1997 and the implementation of the SAFE strategy a year later, much progress has been made toward lowering the prevalence of trachoma worldwide with elimination of the disease in some countries. However, high recurrence of trichiasis after surgery, difficulty in controlling the reemergence of infection after mass distribution of azithromycin in some communities, the incomplete understanding of environment in relation to the disease, and the difficulty in establishing the prevalence of the disease in low endemic areas are some of the issues still facing completion of the GET 2020 goals. In this narrative review, literature was searched from 1998 to January 2013 in PubMed for original studies and reviews. Reasons for these ongoing problems are discussed, and several suggestions are made as avenues for exploration in relation to improving the SAFE strategy with emphasis on improving surgical quality and management of the mass treatment with antibiotics. In addition, more research needs to be done to better understand the approach to improve sanitation, hygiene, and environment. The main conclusion of this review is that scale-up is needed for all SAFE components, and more research should be generated from communities outside of Africa and Asia.

scholarly journals Identifying Interactive Factors That May Increase Crash Risk Between Young Drivers and Trucks: A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6506
Author(s):  
Melissa R. Freire ◽  
Cassandra Gauld ◽  
Angus McKerral ◽  
Kristen Pammer
Keyword(s):  
Review Literature ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Risky Driving ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Young Driver ◽  
Young Drivers ◽  
Safety Research ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Performance Limitations

Sharing the road with trucks is associated with increased risk of serious injury and death for passenger vehicle drivers. However, the onus for minimising risk lies not just with truck drivers; other drivers must understand the unique performance limitations of trucks associated with stopping distances, blind spots, and turning manoeuverability, so they can suitably act and react around trucks. Given the paucity of research aimed at understanding the specific crash risk vulnerability of young drivers around trucks, the authors employ a narrative review methodology that brings together evidence from both truck and young driver road safety research domains, as well as data regarding known crash risks for each driving cohort, to gain a comprehensive understanding of what young drivers are likely to know about heavy vehicle performance limitations, where there may be gaps in their understanding, and how this could potentially increase crash risk. We then review literature regarding the human factors affecting young drivers to understand how perceptual immaturity and engagement in risky driving behaviours are likely to compound risk regarding both the frequency and severity of collision between trucks and young drivers. Finally, we review current targeted educational initiatives and suggest that simply raising awareness of truck limitations is insufficient. We propose that further research is needed to ensure initiatives aimed at increasing young driver awareness of trucks and truck safety are evidence-based, undergo rigorous evaluation, and are delivered in a way that aims to (i) increase young driver risk perception skills, and (ii) reduce risky driving behaviour around trucks.

scholarly journals An Integrated District Mapping Strategy for Loiasis to Enable Safe Mass Treatment for Onchocerciasis in Gabon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie Ntsame Ella ◽  
Kisito Ogoussan ◽  
Katherine Gass ◽  
Lee Hundley ◽  
Peter J. Diggle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Prediction ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Treatment Decisions ◽  
Ivermectin Treatment ◽  
Mass Treatment ◽  
Modeling Tools ◽  
Prediction Tools ◽  
Mapping Strategy ◽  
Mapping Approach ◽  
Endemic Areas

The lack of a WHO-recommended strategy for onchocerciasis treatment with ivermectin in hypo-endemic areas co-endemic with loiasis is an impediment to global onchocerciasis elimination. New loiasis diagnostics (LoaScope; Loa antibody rapid test) and risk prediction tools may enable safe mass treatment decisions in co-endemic areas. In 2017–2018, an integrated mapping strategy for onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis (LF), and loiasis, aimed at enabling safe ivermectin treatment decisions, was piloted in Gabon. Three ivermectin-naïve departments suspected to be hypo-endemic were selected and up to 100 adults per village across 30 villages in each of the three departments underwent testing for indicators of onchocerciasis, LF, and loiasis. An additional 67 communities in five adjoining departments were tested for loiasis to extend the prevalence and intensity predictions and possibly expand the boundaries of areas deemed safe for ivermectin treatment. Integrated testing in the three departments revealed within-department heterogeneity for all the three diseases, highlighting the value of a mapping approach that relies on cluster-based sampling rather than sentinel sites. These results suggest that safe mass treatment of onchocerciasis may be possible at the subdepartment level, even in departments where loiasis is present. Beyond valuable epidemiologic data, the study generated insight into the performance of various diagnostics and the feasibility of an integrated mapping approach utilizing new diagnostic and modeling tools. Further research should explore how programs can combine these diagnostic and risk prediction tools into a feasible programmatic strategy to enable safe treatment decisions where loiasis and onchocerciasis are co-endemic.

Wearables for Neurologic Conditions: Considerations for our Patients and Research Limitations

2020 ◽  
pp. 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000000971
Author(s):  
Mia T. Minen ◽  
Eric J. Stieglitz
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Sleep Research ◽  
Wearable Technologies

ABSTRACTPurposeof Review: In 2019, over 50 million Americans were expected to use wearables at least monthly. The technologies have varied capabilities, with many designed to monitor health conditions. We present a narrative review to raise awareness of wearable technologies that may be relevant to the field of neurology. We also discuss the implications of these wearables for our patients and briefly discuss issues related to researching new wearable technologies.Recent Findings:There are a variety of wearables for neurologic conditions e.g. stroke (for potential arrhythmia capture), epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, and sleep. Research is being done to capture risk of neuropsychiatric relapse. However, data is limited, and adherence to these wearables is often poorly studied.Summary:The care of neurology patients may ultimately be improved with the use of wearable technologies. More research needs to examine efficacy and implementation strategies.

A critical review of the SAFE strategy for the prevention of blinding trachoma

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 372-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Kuper ◽  
Anthony W Solomon ◽  
John Buchan ◽  
Marcia Zondervan ◽  
Allen Foster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Review ◽  
Safe Strategy ◽  
Blinding Trachoma

SAFE strategy for blinding trachoma addresses sanitation, the other half of MDG7

The Lancet ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 380 (9836) ◽  
pp. 27-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Emerson ◽  
Martin Kollmann ◽  
Chad MacArthur ◽  
Simon Bush ◽  
Danny Haddad
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Safe Strategy ◽  
Blinding Trachoma

The feasibility and need for dimensional psychiatric diagnoses

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 1671-1680 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN E. HELZER ◽  
HELENA C. KRAEMER ◽  
ROBERT F. KRUEGER
Keyword(s):  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnoses ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Categorical Approach ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dsm V ◽  
Specific Proposal

Background. It is our contention that both categorical and dimensional approaches to diagnosis are important for clinical work and research alike, and that each approach has its drawbacks and advantages. As the processes toward developing DSM-V and ICD-11 progress, we suggest that another exclusively categorical revision of psychiatric taxonomies will no longer be sufficient and that adding a dimensional component is a necessary step if these taxonomies are to continue serving the future clinical and research needs of psychiatry as they have so effectively done in the past.Method. We begin the paper with a review of terminology related to categories and dimensions and briefly review literature on advantages and disadvantages of both approaches.Results. A review of relevant literature supports both the need for and feasibility of augmenting traditional categorical diagnoses with dimensional information.Conclusion. We conclude with a proposal for preserving traditional categorical diagnostic definitions, but adding a dimensional component that would be reflective of and directly referable back to the categorical definitions. We also offer a specific proposal for adding a dimensional component to official taxonomies such as the DSM and the ICD in a way that fully preserves the traditional categorical approach.

scholarly journals Naturally Occurring Compounds With Larvicidal Activity Against Malaria Mosquitoes

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trizah K. Milugo ◽  
David P. Tchouassi ◽  
Reginald A. Kavishe ◽  
Rhoel R. Dinglasan ◽  
Baldwyn Torto
Keyword(s):  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
Malaria Mosquitoes

Female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit Plasmodium parasites that cause human malaria. Currently, vector control is the most widely deployed approach to reduce mosquito population and hence disease transmission. This relies on use of insecticide-based interventions including Long-lasting Insecticide-treated Nets (LLINs) and Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) where scale-up has contributed to a dramatic decline in malaria deaths and morbidity over the past decade. Challenges to their effective use include the emergence and spread of insecticide resistance by malaria vector populations coupled with the inability to curb outdoor transmission. Under these situations, use of larvicides through larval source management (LSM) can complement these existing measures. The need to minimize environmental impact and effect on non-target organisms has spurred interest in the development of eco-friendly larvicides of natural origin. Here, we review literature published in the last five years to highlight compounds of natural origin found to exhibit larvicidal activity against malaria mosquitoes. Specifically, the larvicidal activity of different classes of compounds is discussed including their effect on non-target organisms. Additionally, we provide suggestions for future research into mosquito larvicides including the use of chemical synthesis to improve the bioactivity of known natural compounds.

Severe adverse reaction risks during mass treatment with ivermectin in loiasis-endemic areas

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 448-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Chippaux ◽  
Michel Boussinesq ◽  
Jacques Gardon ◽  
Nathalie Gardon-Wendel ◽  
Jean-Christophe Ernould
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Reaction ◽  
Mass Treatment ◽  
Severe Adverse Reaction ◽  
Endemic Areas

scholarly journals Considerations and Practical Options for Measuring Muscle Strength: A Narrative Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Bohannon
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Mobility Limitations ◽  
Strength Tests

Muscle strength impairments are related to mobility limitations and other untoward outcomes. This narrative review, therefore, describes considerations relative to the definition and measurement of muscle strength. Thereafter, practical options for measuring muscle strength are described and their clinimetric properties are delineated. Information provided herein may help students, clinicians, and researchers select the strength tests best suited to their research needs and limitations.

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