scholarly journals Spectrophotometric Determination of Bromhexine HCl in Pure and Pharmaceutical Forms

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
K. Susmitha ◽  
M. Thirumalachary ◽  
G. Venkateshwarlu
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Time ◽  
Bromothymol Blue ◽  
Bromocresol Green ◽  
Bromophenol Blue ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Charge Transfer Complexation ◽  
Job's Method ◽  
Kinetics Of

Five spectrophotometric methods for determination of bromhexine HCl have been developed, validated, and applied for the assay of the drug in pharmaceuticals. Methods A, B, and C are based on ion-pair complexation of drug, in acidic buffers, with triphenylmethane dyes, namely, bromothymol blue (BTB), bromophenol blue (BPB), and bromocresol green (BCG). The complexes are extracted into chloroform, and absorbance is measured at around 415 nm as function of concentration of the drug. The stoichiometry of the complex is found to be 1 : 1 in each case. Method D depends upon charge-transfer complexation of neutralized drug with iodine which produces iodide ion whose absorbance at 366 nm is measured as function of concentration of the drug. This complex too has 1 : 1 composition as determined by Job’s method. Method E is developed on the basis of oxidation of the drug with alkaline KMnO4 which generates green-colored manganate ion with 610 nm. As the intensity of green color increased with increasing time kinetics of the reaction is followed, and calibration curves are constructed by using initial rate and fixed time methods. Excellent recovery studies with high accuracy and precision indicate that the methods can be successfully used in industries for the assay of drug in pure form and pharmaceuticals.

scholarly journals Spectrophotometric Determination of Gemifloxacin Mesylate, Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride, and Enrofloxacin in Pharmaceutical Formulations Using Acid Dyes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayman A. Gouda ◽  
Alaa S. Amin ◽  
Ragaa El-Sheikh ◽  
Amira G. Yousef
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Bromothymol Blue ◽  
Bromocresol Green ◽  
Bromophenol Blue ◽  
Bromocresol Purple ◽  
Acid Dyes ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

Simple, rapid, and extractive spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of some fluoroquinolones antibiotics: gemifloxacin mesylate (GMF), moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MXF), and enrofloxacin (ENF) in pure forms and pharmaceutical formulations. These methods are based on the formation of ion-pair complexes between the basic drugs and acid dyes, namely, bromocresol green (BCG), bromocresol purple (BCP), bromophenol blue (BPB), bromothymol blue (BTB), and methyl orange (MO) in acidic buffer solutions. The formed complexes were extracted with chloroform and measured at 420, 408, 416, 415, and 422 nm for BCG, BCP, BPB, BTB, and MO, respectively, for GMF; at 410, 415, 416, and 420 nm for BCP, BTB, BPB, and MO, respectively, for MXF; and at 419 and 414 nm for BCG and BTB, respectively, in case of ENF. The analytical parameters and their effects are investigated. Beer’s law was obeyed in the ranges 1.0–30, 1.0–20, and 2.0–24 μg mL−1for GMF, MXF, and ENF, respectively. The proposed methods have been applied successfully for the analysis of the studied drugs in pure forms and pharmaceutical formulations. Statistical comparison of the results with the reference methods showed excellent agreement and indicated no significant difference in accuracy and precision.

scholarly journals Spectrophotometric Determination of Certain Antidepressants in Pharmaceutical Preparations

2006 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 966-971 ◽  
Author(s):  
ArmaĞan Önal ◽  
Ş. Evrim Kepeki ◽  
S MÜge Çetin ◽  
Sidika ErtÜrk
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Bromothymol Blue ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
Bromocresol Green ◽  
Bromophenol Blue ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Drug Substances

Abstract Simple and reproducible spectrophotometric methods have been developed for determination of sertraline, fluoxetine, and venlafaxine in pharmaceutical preparations. The methods are based on the reactions between the studied drug substances and ion-pair agents (bromothymol blue, bromocresol green, or bromophenol blue) to produce yellow-colored ion-pair complexes in acidic buffers. After extracting in chloroform, the ion-pair complexes are spectrophotometrically determined at the optimum wavelength. Optimizations of the reaction conditions were carried out. Beer's law was obeyed within the concentration range from 1 to 15 μg/mL. The molar absorptivity, Sandell sensitivity, and detection and quantification limits were also determined. The developed methods were applied successfully for the determination of these drugs in some available commercial preparations. The results were compared statistically with those obtained from reported high-performance liquid chromatography methods.

scholarly journals Simple and sensitive spectrophotometric methods for the determination of acebutolol hydrochloride in bulk sample and pharmaceutical preparations

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
D. H. Manjunatha ◽  
S. M. T. Shaikh ◽  
K. Harikrishna ◽  
R. Sudhirkumar ◽  
Pradeep B. Kandagal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Formation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Bulk Sample ◽  
Bromothymol Blue ◽  
Bromocresol Green ◽  
Direct Extraction ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Accuracy And Precision

A direct, extraction-free spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of acebutolol hydrochloride (ABH) in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is based on ionpair complex formation between the drug and two acidic dyes (sulphonaphthalein) namely bromocresol green (BCG) and bromothymol blue (BTB). Conformity to Beer’s law enabled the assay of the drug in the range of 0.5-13.8 μg mL-1 with BCG and 1.8-15.9 μg mL-1 with BTB. Compared with a reference method, the results obtained were of equal accuracy and precision. In addition, these methods were also found to be specific for the analysis of acebutolol hydrochloride in the presence of excipients, which are co-formulated in the drug.

scholarly journals Spectrophotometric determination of dothiepin hydrochloride in pharmaceuticals through ion-pair complexation reaction

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameer Abdulrahman ◽  
Kanakapura Basavaiah
Keyword(s):  
Ion Pair ◽  
Pure Form ◽  
Bromocresol Green ◽  
Bromophenol Blue ◽  
Complexation Reaction ◽  
Conditional Stability ◽  
Conditional Stability Constant ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Significant Difference

Two simple, sensitive and extraction-free spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of dothiepin hydrochloride (DOTH) both in pure form and in pharmaceutical tablets. The methods are based on ion-pair complex formation between dothiepin base (DOT) and two acidic dyes, namely, bromophenol blue (BPB) or bromocresol green (BCG) with absorption maximum at 425 nm for BPB method or 430 nm for BCG method. Beer?s law is obeyed over the concentration ranges of 1.0-15.0 and 1.0-17.5 ?g mL-1 DOT for BPB and BCG methods, respectively. The molar absorptivity values and Sandell?s sensitivity values are reported for both methods. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were calculated to be 0.18 and 0.53 ?g mL-1 for BPB method, and 0.17 and 0.50 ?g mL-1 for BCG method, respectively. The stoichiometry of the complex in either case was found to be 1: 1 and the conditional stability constant (KF) of the complexes has also been calculated. The proposed methods were applied successfully to the determination of DOTH in pure form and in its tablet form with good accuracy and precision. Statistical comparison of the results was performed using Student's t-test and variance ratio F-test at 95% confidence level and there was no significant difference between the official and proposed methods with regard to accuracy and precision. Further, the validity of the proposed methods was confirmed by recovery studies via standard addition technique.

scholarly journals Extractive Spectrophotometric Methods for Determination of Zolmitriptan in Tablets

2007 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 1237-1241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeynep Aydogmus ◽  
Ipek Inanli
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Bromothymol Blue ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Statistical Comparison ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Method ◽  
Comparison Of The Results

Abstract Two simple and sensitive extractive spectrophotometric methods have been developed for determination of zolmitriptan (ZTP) in tablets. These methods are based on the formation of yellow ion-pair complexes between ZTP and tropaeolin OO (TPOO) and bromothymol blue (BTB) in citratephosphate buffer of pH 4.0 and 6.0, respectively. The formed complexes were extracted with dichloromethane and measured at 411.5 and 410 nm for TPOO and BTB, respectively. The best conditions of the reactions were studied and optimized. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration ranges of 220 and 1.517 g/mL with molar absorptivities of 1.42 104 and 1.60 104 L/mol/cm for the TPOO and BTB methods, respectively. Correlation coefficients were 0.9998 and 0.9999 for TPOO and BTB methods, respectively. Limits of detection of the TPOO and BTB methods were 0.341 and 0.344 g/mL, respectively, and the limits of quantitation were 1.034 and 1.051 g/mL, respectively. Sandell's sensitivity and stability constant were also calculated. The proposed methods have been applied successfully for the analysis of the drug in its dosage forms. No interference was observed from excipients present in tablets. Statistical comparison of the results with those obtained by a high-performance liquid chromatography method showed excellent agreement and indicated no significant differences in accuracy and precision.

scholarly journals Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Using Acidic Triphenylmethane Dyes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Susmitha ◽  
M. Thirumalachary ◽  
T. Charan Singh ◽  
G. Venkateshwarlu
Keyword(s):  
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Transcriptase Inhibitor ◽  
Bromothymol Blue ◽  
Bromophenol Blue ◽  
Bromocresol Purple ◽  
Triphenylmethane Dyes ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor that has activity against the hepatitis B and HIV viruses. Three simple and sensitive extractive spectrophotometric methods have been described for the assay of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate either in pure form or in pharmaceutical formulations. The developed methods involve formation of colored chloroform extractable ion-pair complexes of the drugs with triphenylmethane dyes, namely, bromothymol blue (BTB), bromophenol blue (BPB), and bromocresol purple (BCP) in acidic medium. The extracted complexes showed absorbance maxima between 410 and 415 nm. Beer’s law is obeyed in the concentration ranges 1.5–25, 1.0–25, and 1.25–25 μg mL−1 with BTB, BPB, and BCP, respectively. The effectc of concentration of dye, pH, and interference of excipients have been studied and optimized. The limits of detection and quantification have been determined. All three methods are validated as per the guidelines of ICH. The methods have been applied to the determination of drug in commercial tablets and results of analysis were validated statistically through recovery studies.

scholarly journals Use of Charge Transfer Complexation Reactions for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Sumatriptan in Pharmaceuticals

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Kudige N. Prashanth ◽  
Basavaiah Kanakapura ◽  
Madihalli S. Raghu ◽  
Kanakapura B. Vinay
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Molar Absorptivity ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Ct Complex ◽  
Reaction Stoichiometry ◽  
Complexation Reactions ◽  
Charge Transfer Complexation ◽  
Job's Method

Studies were carried out to use the charge-transfer reactions of sumatriptan (SMT), extracted from neutralized sumatriptan succinate (STS), as n-electron donor with the π-acceptor, 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) and σ-acceptor, and iodine (I2). The formation of the colored complexes was utilized for the development of simple, rapid, and accurate spectrophotometric methods for the determination of SMT in pure form as well as in its tablets. The quantification of colored products was made spectrophotometrically at 585 nm for the CT complex formed between SMT and DDQ (DDQ method) and at 375 nm for the CT complex formed between SMT and I2 (I2 method). Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration ranges of 4.0–56.0 μg mL−1 and 2.0–28.0 for DDQ and I2, respectively, with correlation coefficients () of 0.9997 and 0.9998. The analytical parameters such as apparent molar absorptivity, Sandell’s sensitivities, and limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) are also reported for both methods. The described methods were successfully applied to the determination of SMT in tablets. No interference was observed from the common excipients present in tablets. The reaction stoichiometry in both methods was evaluated by Job’s method of continuous variations and was found to be 1 : 1 (donor : acceptor).

scholarly journals Validated Extractive Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Domperidone in Pharmaceutical Formulations

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
Jasmin Shah ◽  
M Rasul Jan ◽  
Muhammad Tariq Shah
Keyword(s):  
Acidic Medium ◽  
Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽  
Pharmaceutical Journal ◽  
Bromothymol Blue ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
Bromophenol Blue ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
New Methods

Simple, precise and sensitive extractive spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the determination of domperidone in pharmaceutical formulations. The new methods involve the formation of colored extractable ion pair complexes of the drug with bromothymol blue (BTB) and bromophenol blue (BPB) in acidic medium. The effects of various parameters like pH, reagent concentration and shaking time were studied. The extracted complexes of domperidone showed maximum absorbance at 410 nm with BTB and at 415 nm with BPB dye. The stiochiometry of the reaction between domperidone, BTB and BPB was found to be 1: 4. Domperidone was found to obey Beer’s law in the concentration ranges of 0.6-35 ?g/ml, 1-30 ?g/ml with BTB and BPB, respectively. The method has been applied successfully for the determination of domperidone in commercial tablets and suspension samples. The results obtained by the proposed methods were validated statistically and compared with the official HPLC method. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v17i1.22310 Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 17(1): 25-31, 2014

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