scholarly journals Interferons and Interferon Regulatory Factors in Malaria

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sin Yee Gun ◽  
Carla Claser ◽  
Kevin Shyong Wei Tan ◽  
Laurent Rénia
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Regulatory Factors ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Parasite Replication ◽  
Protection Against Infection

Malaria is one of the most serious infectious diseases in humans and responsible for approximately 500 million clinical cases and 500 thousand deaths annually. Acquired adaptive immune responses control parasite replication and infection-induced pathologies. Most infections are clinically silent which reflects on the ability of adaptive immune mechanisms to prevent the disease. However, a minority of these can become severe and life-threatening, manifesting a range of overlapping syndromes of complex origins which could be induced by uncontrolled immune responses. Major players of the innate and adaptive responses are interferons. Here, we review their roles and the signaling pathways involved in their production and protection against infection and induced immunopathologies.

scholarly journals Organization of the Skin Immune System and Compartmentalized Immune Responses in Infectious Diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Skin Immune System ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Cellular Mediators ◽  
And Control

SUMMARY The skin is an organ harboring several types of immune cells that participate in innate and adaptive immune responses. The immune system of the skin comprises both skin cells and professional immune cells that together constitute what is designated skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT). In this review, I extensively discuss the organization of SALT and the mechanisms involved in its responses to infectious diseases of the skin and mucosa. The nature of these SALT responses, and the cellular mediators involved, often determines the clinical course of such infections. I list and describe the components of innate immunity, such as the roles of the keratinocyte barrier and of inflammatory and natural killer cells. I also examine the mechanisms involved in adaptive immune responses, with emphasis on new cytokine profiles, and the role of cell death phenomena in host-pathogen interactions and control of the immune responses to infectious agents. Finally, I highlight the importance of studying SALT in order to better understand host-pathogen relationships involving the skin and detail future directions in the immunological investigation of this organ, especially in light of recent findings regarding the skin immune system.

The re-emergence of antigen-specific tolerance as a potential therapy for MS

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1223-1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Steinman
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Specific Therapy ◽  
Neuroinflammatory Disease ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Ideal therapy for inflammatory disease in the nervous system would preserve normal immune function, while suppressing only the pathologic immune responses that damage tissue and allowing for repair. In principle, antigen-specific therapy would eradicate unwanted adaptive immune responses—antibody and T-cell mediated—while preserving the integrity of other adaptive responses to infectious agents and retaining the ability to fight malignancy. However, at this time, for multiple sclerosis (MS) we do not have compelling evidence that would support any particular dominant immune response to any specific antigen or even a limited group of antigens. In fact, there are adaptive immune responses to a wide swathe of proteins and lipids found on neurons and myelin in MS. Unless controlling a few of the known immune responses is sufficient, antigen-specific therapy in MS may not have enough of an impact to modulate clinical outcome. However, in other neuroinflammatory conditions, such as neuromyelitis optica, the adaptive immune response is highly focused. Trials of antigen-specific therapy for neuroinflammatory disease might first be tested in diseases with a more limited adaptive immune response like neuromyelitis optica. The likelihood of a significant success for this therapeutic strategy might then ensue.

scholarly journals Advances in Studies Related to Interleukin-12 Family and Infectious Diseases

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Li
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Janus Kinase ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Antiinflammatory Effects

AbstractInterleukin (IL)-12 family is a group of cytokines composed of heterogeneous molecules and whose members include IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, and IL-35. IL-12 family bridges natural and adaptive immune responses and especially plays a significant role in classical adaptive immune process participated by TH1, TH17, and Treg cells. Members of IL-12 family participate in adaptive immune responses via the Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling pathway by sharing some subunits and receptors. IL-12 features an extremely complex regulatory network. During resistance of microbial infection, IL-12 and IL-23 mainly show inflammatory effects, whereas IL-27 and IL-35 commonly show antiinflammatory effects. This study reviews advances in studies related to IL-12 family members and infectious diseases and provides references to further reveal functions of IL-12 family members in occurrence and development of infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Strategies for Immunomonitoring after Vaccination and during Infection

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
Lucille Adam ◽  
Pierre Rosenbaum ◽  
Olivia Bonduelle ◽  
Behazine Combadière
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Data Integration ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Viral Control ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Holistic Approaches ◽  
Immune Efficacy

Immunomonitoring is the study of an individual’s immune responses over the course of vaccination or infection. In the infectious context, exploring the innate and adaptive immune responses will help to investigate their contribution to viral control or toxicity. After vaccination, immunomonitoring of the correlate(s) and surrogate(s) of protection is a major asset for measuring vaccine immune efficacy. Conventional immunomonitoring methods include antibody-based technologies that are easy to use. However, promising sensitive high-throughput technologies allowed the emergence of holistic approaches. This raises the question of data integration methods and tools. These approaches allow us to increase our knowledge on immune mechanisms as well as the identification of key effectors of the immune response. However, the depiction of relevant findings requires a well-rounded consideration beforehand about the hypotheses, conception, organization and objectives of the immunomonitoring. Therefore, well-standardized and comprehensive studies fuel insight to design more efficient, rationale-based vaccines and therapeutics to fight against infectious diseases. Hence, we will illustrate this review with examples of the immunomonitoring approaches used during vaccination and the COVID-19 pandemic.

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