scholarly journals Iron Contamination Mechanism and Reaction Performance Research on FCC Catalyst

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoyong Liu ◽  
Zhongdong Zhang ◽  
Pusheng Liu ◽  
Jianing Zhai ◽  
Chaohe Yang
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Exothermic Reaction ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Dense Layer ◽  
Regeneration System ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Iron Contamination ◽  
Reaction Performance ◽  
Equilibrium Catalyst ◽  
Catalytic Cracking Reaction

FCC (Fluid Catalytic Cracking) catalyst iron poisoning would not only influence units’ product slate; when the poisoning is serious, it could also jeopardize FCC catalysts’ fluidization in reaction-regeneration system and further cause bad influences on units’ stable operation. Under catalytic cracking reaction conditions, large amount of iron nanonodules is formed on the seriously iron contaminated catalyst due to exothermic reaction. These nodules intensify the attrition between catalyst particles and generate plenty of fines which severely influence units’ smooth running. A dense layer could be formed on the catalysts’ surface after iron contamination and the dense layer stops reactants to diffuse to inner structures of catalyst. This causes extremely negative effects on catalyst’s heavy oil conversion ability and could greatly cut down gasoline yield while increasing yields of dry gas, coke, and slurry largely. Research shows that catalyst’s reaction performance would be severely deteriorated when iron content in E-cat (equilibrium catalyst) exceeds 8000 μg/g.

Reaction performance of FCC slurry catalytic cracking

2009 ◽  
Vol 140 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 174-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingying Lan ◽  
Chunming Xu ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
Jinsen Gao
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Reaction Performance

scholarly journals CYBERSECURITY COSTS IN AN ENTERPRISE UNIT

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
Joanna Antczak
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Time Development ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Business Unit ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
Enterprise Level ◽  
The One ◽  
E Mail

Operation in the cyberspace of every business unit is unavoidable. Most commercial transactions, marketing activities, e-mail contact with employees or contractors are carried out using virtual space. The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze selected costs for cybersecurity of an enterprise. Costs related to cybersecurity constitute a new category in the management of an enterprise. Considering the costs at the enterprise level, two areas should be discussed: on the one hand, those incurred to prevent cyber threats and on the other one, the costs of offsetting the negative effects of cyber-attacks. For the sake of stable operation and at the same time development in the future, the management should strengthen activities in the field of information security, which is related to costs that will minimize the risk of cyber-attacks.

Application of new porous binder material in fluid catalytic cracking reaction

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 591-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xionghou Gao ◽  
Zhicheng Tang ◽  
Gongxuan Lu ◽  
Haitao Zhang ◽  
Baojie Wang
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Fluid Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Cracking Reaction ◽  
Binder Material ◽  
Catalytic Cracking Reaction

A new composite consisting of Y zeolite and ZrO2 for fluid catalytic cracking reaction

2020 ◽  
Vol 200 ◽  
pp. 108317
Author(s):  
Wanrong Liu ◽  
Xinmei Liu ◽  
Yu Gu ◽  
Yuxiang Liu ◽  
Zhumo Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Fluid Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Y Zeolite ◽  
Cracking Reaction ◽  
Catalytic Cracking Reaction

Alleviation of Shock-Wave Effects on a Highly Loaded Axial Compressor Through Novel Blade Shaping

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair John ◽  
Shahrokh Shahpar ◽  
Ning Qin
Keyword(s):  
Axial Compressor ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
3D Design ◽  
Free Form Deformation ◽  
Wave Effects ◽  
Simulation Optimisation ◽  
Highly Loaded

This paper describes the use of the Free-Form-Deformation [1] parameterisation method to create a novel blade shape for a highly loaded, transonic axial compressor. The novel geometry makes use of pre-compression (via an S-shaping of the blade around mid-span) to weaken the shock and improve the aerodynamic performance. It has been known for some time that reducing the pre-shock Mach number of transonic compressors (via pre-compression) can improve their efficiency [2]. However, early attempts at this in the 60s [3] showed undesirable results (such as bi-stable operation), leading the design community to shy away from using pre-compression [4]. This issue is re-addressed here. It is shown that using modern simulation, optimisation and a 3D design, large amounts of pre-compression may be employed without the negative effects that plagued early attempts. This paper shows how Free-Form-Deformation offers superior flexibility over traditionally used parameterisation methods. The novel design (produced via an efficient optimisation method) is presented and the resulting flow analysed in detail. The efficiency benefit is over 2%, surpassing other results in the literature for the same geometry. The pre-compression effect of the S-shape is analysed and explained, and the entropy increase across the shock (along the mid-blade line) is shown to be reduced by almost 80%. Adjoint surface sensitivity analysis of the datum and optimised designs is presented, showing that the S-shape is located in the region predicted to be most significant for changes in efficiency. Finally the off-design performance of the blade is analysed across the rotor characteristics at various speeds.

scholarly journals Effect of Fines Content on Fluidity of FCC Catalysts for Stable Operation of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Kim ◽  
Chae Yeo ◽  
Do Lee
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Fluidized Bed Reactor ◽  
Fluid Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
Minimum Fluidization Velocity ◽  
Fines Content ◽  
Fluidization Velocity ◽  
Fcc Catalysts

Effect of fines content (weight % of particles with diameter less than 45 μm) on bed fluidity was determined to get a base for good fluidization quality in the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit. The fines content in equilibrium FCC catalysts (Ecat) from commercial units were controlled by adding or removing the fines to simulate commercial situation. To get the fluidity values (Umb/Umf) of seven different FCC catalysts (2 Ecats and 5 fresh catalysts) and their mixture, minimum fluidization velocity (Umf) and minimum bubbling velocity (Umb) were measured in a fluidized bed reactor (0.05 m ID). The fluidity decreased with loss of fines content and increased with increments of makeup of fresh catalysts or additive with the controlled fines content. The fluidities of catalysts increase with increases of normalized particle diameter variation by the fines addition. The obtained fluidities have been correlated with the fines contents and the catalyst and gas properties. The proposed correlation could guide to keep good catalyst fluidity in the FCC unit.

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