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Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Guan-Yu Chen ◽  
Wei-Hsing Huang

Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) combustion is a clean technology for burning, with advantages of adapting to a large variety of fuel, high combustion efficiency, lower NOx emissions, and stable operation. The residue collected from the ash-hoppers of the electrostatic precipitator of the CFB boiler is called CFB fly ash. This paper presents the hydration development on the application of CFB fly ash to activating blast furnace slag (BFS) as a supplementary binder material (SBM) for replacement of Portland cement in making concrete. Investigation of the hydration products of cement pastes prepared with combinations of BFS and CFB fly ash were conducted by means of X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, and scanning electronic microscope. Test results show that the main hydration products of the CFB fly ash-BFS blended pastes were found to be hydrated calcium silicate (C-S-H), ettringite, gypsum, and some portlandite. Considering that CFB fly ash produced from the combustion of high-sulfur coke has high SO3 contents, the volume stability of mortar made from CFB fly ash-activated BFS was subjected to tests in accordance with ASTM C1012 and ASTM C1038 for evaluating the internal and external sulfate attack, respectively. The results indicate that, due to the high sulfur (SO3) content of CFB fly ash, the expansion caused by internal sulfate attack (ISA) increased with increasing proportion of CFB fly ash in the mixture. In contrast, no significant expansion was observed in the external sulfate attack (ESA) test, regardless of the proportion of CFB fly ash in the mixture. In order for the CFB fly ash to serve as a supplementary binder material and to maintain adequate volume stability, the amount of CFB fly ash used for the activation of BFS is recommended to be no more than 20% of the SBM.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Zhao ◽  
Jiahui Wang ◽  
Lei Su ◽  
Xianzhang Ling ◽  
Yongqiang Zhang

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7099
Author(s):  
Christina Plati ◽  
Brad Cliatt

Building more sustainable pavements for the future requires knowledge of alternative and innovative materials for utilization in future road construction and maintenance activities. Being mindful of this need, the present study investigates a Reacted and Activated Rubber (RAR) compound modifier with the aim of defining an optimal RAR percentage in Asphalt Concrete (AC) mixes. It is acknowledged that when this type of modifier is incorporated within an AC mix as an alternative for the bituminous binder material, the associated economic, environmental and social benefits are significant. Simply put, the use of RAR modifiers provides the potential to utilize a waste product (rubber tires) as a more sustainable alternative to bitumen within AC mixtures. However, it seems that the information about the overall performance of AC mixes modified with RAR is currently limited. On these grounds, the present study focuses on the surface course layer and evaluates (a) achieved physical characteristics (compaction degree/voids), (b) mechanical characterization results (stiffness moduli) and (c) friction-based properties of tested mixtures incorporating varying RAR levels and different test temperatures. From the evaluation, it is concluded that for the case of the surface course mixture under investigation, the optimal percentage by weight of bitumen for inclusion of the RAR modifier is 10%.


Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1427
Author(s):  
Clive H. Yen ◽  
Shun-Hsing Chuang ◽  
Ren-Yi Huang ◽  
Po-I Liu ◽  
Min-Chao Chang ◽  
...  

The process of removing indium ions from aqueous solutions by applying capacitive deionization (CDI) is reported in this manuscript. First, a modified carbon material was prepared by incorporating titanium dioxide (TiO2) into activated carbon (AC). A microwave-assisted ionothermal synthesis (MAIS) method was used to produce evenly distributed nanostructured anatase TiO2 on the surface of AC. A polyurethane (PU) elastomer was then synthesized as the binder material instead of using conventional polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). By combining the aforementioned materials, a MAIS TiO2/AC-PU electrode was synthesized and applied to CDI tests. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the size and dispersion of the composites. For electrochemical properties, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to analyze the synthesized electrode. The performance of the prepared electrode during the CDI process was tested in different concentrations of indium solutions. It was discovered that the indium removal efficiency can be as high as 84% in 1 and 5 ppm of indium solutions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Ge ◽  
Jin Qin ◽  
Renjuan Sun ◽  
Yanhua Guan ◽  
Hongzhi Zhang ◽  
...  

The aim of the current study is to investigate the properties of graphene nanoplatelets-cementitious composites in a consistent sense. The influence of the addition of 2D graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) on the workability, setting time, flowability, strengths and piezoresistive properties were studied. The dosage of the GNPs is 0 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 wt% of the binder material. PVP type surfactant was used to disperse GNPs. The experimental results showed that the addition of GNPs increases the water requirement for normal consistency and decreases the flowability. A small amount of GNPs (0.05 wt%) can facilitate the setting. When the dosage of GNPs is above 0.1 wt%, it leads to the delay of the setting time. In terms of the strengths, the addition of GNPs can considerably promote the flexural strength, while the compressive strength is slightly decreased until 28 days. A pre-treatment procedure consisting of drying specimens at 105°C for 1 day can be regarded as a proper way to enhance the piezoresistive properties of the GNPs-mortar. Piezoresistive properties under two different cyclical loading schemes were measured using the GNPs-mortar with 1 wt% GNPs. It has been shown that the average resistance change rate increases with the amplitude increasing and a reduction is observed for the sustained cyclical loading condition. In the end, the influence of the microcracks on the piezoresistive properties was investigated. This study will contribute to future developments of cementitious composites incorporating GNPs for a variety of applications.


Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 857
Author(s):  
Tho Truong Nguyen ◽  
Thi Minh Cao ◽  
Narmina O. Balayeva ◽  
Viet Van Pham

Solar-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, using semiconductor photoelectrodes, is considered a promising renewable energy source and solution for environmental sustainability. Herein, we report polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a binder material for combining MoS2 and TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNAs) to improve PEC water splitting ability. By a thermal treatment process, the formation of the π conjunction in the PVA structure enhanced the PEC performance of MoS2/TNAs, exhibiting linear sweeps in an anodic direction with the current density over 65 μA/cm2 at 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Besides, the photoresponse ability of MoS2/TNAs is approximately 6-fold more significant than that of individual TNAs. Moreover, a Tafel slope of 140.6 mV/decade has been obtained for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of MoS2/TNAs materials.


2021 ◽  
pp. 096739112110207
Author(s):  
Yusubov Fikrat Fakhraddin

This article discusses observations on thermal stability, decomposition properties and degradation of organic components of friction composite materials fabricated by powder metallurgy techniques. N-Methylaniline modified phenolic resin used as a binder material in the preparation of composite materials. Thermogravimetry method was used to study the thermal properties of the samples. The experiments were performed on a TGA Q50 (TA Instrument) in an oxygen atmosphere. In order to better assess the thermal characteristics of the composites, the analyses were carried out by separating thermographs into three parts according to the degradation mechanism. The obtained results helped to assess the thermal stability of the friction materials. The degradation of phenolic resin was observed in the temperature range of 312–362°C. It was found that barite and copper-graphite particles improve the thermal characteristics of the samples.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1019 ◽  
pp. 102-109
Author(s):  
Endow Mazumder ◽  
L.V. Prasad M.

The primary goal of this work is to report the results of the experimental outcome of Geopolymer concrete (GEO-C) which is prepared and cured at room temperature. GEO-C is prepared using a blend of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGSG) and F Class Fly Ash, and the replacement is ranged from 0% to 100% of binder material, to find the optimum dosage of binder material. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Sodium Silicate (Na2SiO3) which are alkaline in nature, used primarily as an activating agent for the polymerization process of geopolymer. Experiments were conducted on samples by fixing the NaOH concentration as 14M for optimum strength and the alkaline activator ratio is fixed as one. Mechanical properties of GEO-C like compressive strength, rupture modulus (i.e. flexural strength), and split tensile strength were evaluated at the ages 7, 14, 28 days. From the results, it is observed that with the addition of GGSG in the blend the compressive, flexural, and tensile strength increase but there is a drastic reduction in the workability of the mixture.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleftheria Dossi ◽  
Jacob Earnshaw ◽  
Laurence Ellison ◽  
Gabriella Rabello dos Santos ◽  
Hamish Cavaye ◽  
...  

In this paper, we use a combination of experiment and simulation to achieve enhanced levels of synthetic control on the microstructure of the much-used binder material hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB).


2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 756-763
Author(s):  
M.V. Tyshkovets ◽  
R.V. Liutyi ◽  
D.V. Liuta ◽  
O.I. Sheiko

The technology of synthesis of inorganic binder material based on sodium tripolyphosphate Na5P3O10 and orthophosphoric acid has been developed. The sequence of physicochemical transformations in this system, as well as the optimal mass ratio of orthophosphoric acid and sodium tripolyphosphate are established. The research uses methods of quantitative and qualitative X-ray phase analysis, differential thermal analysis, standard methods of testing samples for compressive strength. The ratios of the atomic radii of the cation (Na) and the anion (P2O7), as well as the presence of hydrogen bonds, provide a significant increase in the binding potential compared to other sodium phosphates. It was found that the strengthening of mixtures with 2…8 mass parts including sodium pyrophosphate, the filler of which is quartz-based sand, occurs as intensely as possible when heated to 150°C. A further increase in temperature above 250 °C leads to the conversion of sodium pyrophosphate to ordinary (non-polymeric) metaphosphate NaPO3, which exists without changes in chemical structure up to 1000°C. The developed binder material, given the global trends of decarbonization and resource conservation, is a competitive alternative to widely used synthetic resins and other organic materials. It does not contain harmful substances and does not emit dangerous products when heated.


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