Buccal Fat Pad as a Potential Source of Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration: A Literature Review

Adipose tissues hold great promise in bone tissue engineering since they are available in large quantities as a waste material. The buccal fat pad (BFP) is a specialized adipose tissue that is easy to harvest and contains a rich blood supply, and its harvesting causes low complications for patients. This review focuses on the characteristics and osteogenic capability of stem cells derived from BFP as a valuable cell source for bone tissue engineering. An electronic search was performed on all in vitro and in vivo studies that used stem cells from BFP for the purpose of bone tissue engineering from 2010 until 2016. This review was organized according to the PRISMA statement. Adipose-derived stem cells derived from BFP (BFPSCs) were compared with adipose tissues from other parts of the body (AdSCs). Moreover, the osteogenic capability of dedifferentiated fat cells (DFAT) derived from BFP (BFP-DFAT) has been reported in comparison with BFPSCs. BFP is an easily accessible source of stem cells that can be obtained via the oral cavity without injury to the external body surface. Comparing BFPSCs with AdSCs indicated similar cell yield, morphology, and multilineage differentiation. However, BFPSCs proliferate faster and are more prone to producing colonies than AdSCs.

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Multifunctional 3D-Printed Magnetic Polycaprolactone/Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13213825 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 3825

Author(s):

Mauro Petretta ◽

Alessandro Gambardella ◽

Giovanna Desando ◽

Carola Cavallo ◽

Isabella Bartolotti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Osteogenic Potential ◽

Great Promise ◽

Good Cell

Multifunctional and resistant 3D structures represent a great promise and a great challenge in bone tissue engineering. This study addresses this problem by employing polycaprolactone (PCL)-based scaffolds added with hydroxyapatite (HAp) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION), able to drive on demand the necessary cells and other bioagents for a high healing efficiency. PCL-HAp-SPION scaffolds with different concentrations of the superparamagnetic component were developed through the 3D-printing technology and the specific topographical features were detected by Atomic Force and Magnetic Force Microscopy (AFM-MFM). AFM-MFM measurements confirmed a homogenous distribution of HAp and SPION throughout the surface. The magnetically assisted seeding of cells in the scaffold resulted most efficient for the 1% SPION concentration, providing good cell entrapment and adhesion rates. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) seeded onto PCL-HAp-1% SPION showed a good cell proliferation and intrinsic osteogenic potential, indicating no toxic effects of the employed scaffold materials. The performed characterizations and the collected set of data point on the inherent osteogenic potential of the newly developed PCL-HAp-1% SPION scaffolds, endorsing them towards next steps of in vitro and in vivo studies and validations.

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Impact of Tissue Harvesting Sites on the Cellular Behaviors of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Implication for Bone Tissue Engineering

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2017/2156478 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Maryam Rezai Rad ◽

Mahbobeh Bohloli ◽

Mahshid Akhavan Rahnama ◽

Azadeh Anbarlou ◽

Pantea Nazeman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Good Alternative ◽

The Body ◽

Adipose Derived Stem Cells ◽

Surface Marker Expression ◽

Cellular Behaviors

The advantages of adipose-derived stem cells (AdSCs) over bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), such as being available as a medical waste and less discomfort during harvest, have made them a good alternative instead of BMSCs in tissue engineering. AdSCs from buccal fat pad (BFP), as an easily harvestable and accessible source, have gained interest to be used for bone regeneration in the maxillofacial region. Due to scarcity of data regarding comparative analysis of isolated AdSCs from different parts of the body, we aimed to quantitatively compare the proliferation and osteogenic capabilities of AdSCs from different harvesting sites. In this study, AdSCs were isolated from BFP (BFPdSCs), abdomen (abdomen-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AbdSCs)), and hip (hip-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HdSCs)) from one individual and were compared for surface marker expression, morphology, growth rate, and osteogenic differentiation capability. Among them, BFPdSCs demonstrated the highest proliferation rate with the shortest doubling time and also expressed vascular endothelial markers including CD34 and CD146. Moreover, the expression of osteogenic markers were significantly higher in BFPdSCs. The results of this study suggested that BFPdSCs as an encouraging source of mesenchymal stem cells are to be used for bone tissue engineering.

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SYNTHESIS OF MICRO- AND NANOSIZED BIORESORBING SILICON-SUBSTITUTED TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATES FOR BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL SAFETY USING MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS

Nanomechanics Science and Technology An International Journal ◽

10.1615/nanomechanicsscitechnolintj.v6.i4.50 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 305-317

Author(s):

I. V. Fadeeva ◽

Ya. Yu. Filippov ◽

A. S. Fomin ◽

M. E. Shaposhnikov ◽

G. A. Davydova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Biological Safety ◽

Tricalcium Phosphates

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Endochondral bone tissue engineering using embryonic stem cells.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1111103.574974 ◽

2008 ◽

Author(s):

Paolo Bianco ◽

Mara Riminucci

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Embryonic Stem Cells ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Embryonic Stem ◽

Endochondral Bone

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Osteogenic potential of dental and oral derived stem cells in bone tissue engineering among animal models: An update

Tissue and Cell ◽

10.1016/j.tice.2021.101515 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 71 ◽

pp. 101515

Author(s):

Antoine Berbéri ◽

Mohammad Fayyad-kazan ◽

Sara Ayoub ◽

Rita Bou Assaf ◽

Joseph Sabbagh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Animal Models ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Osteogenic Potential

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A novel gelatin/chitooligosaccharide/demineralized bone matrix composite scaffold and periosteum-derived mesenchymal stem cells for bone tissue engineering

Biomaterials Research ◽

10.1186/s40824-021-00220-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Thakoon Thitiset ◽

Siriporn Damrongsakkul ◽

Supansa Yodmuang ◽

Wilairat Leeanansaksiri ◽

Jirun Apinun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Stem Cells ◽

Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽

Bone Formation ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Demineralized Bone Matrix ◽

Bone Matrix ◽

Alp Activity

Abstract Background A novel biodegradable scaffold including gelatin (G), chitooligosaccharide (COS), and demineralized bone matrix (DBM) could play a significant part in bone tissue engineering. The present study aimed to investigate the biological characteristics of composite scaffolds in combination of G, COS, and DBM for in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal bioassays. Methods Three-dimensional scaffolds from the mixture of G, COS, and DBM were fabricated into 3 groups, namely, G, GC, and GCD using a lyophilization technique. The scaffolds were cultured with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for 4 weeks to determine biological responses such as cell attachment and cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium deposition, cell morphology, and cell surface elemental composition. For the in vivo bioassay, G, GC, and GCD, acellular scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously in 8-week-old male Wistar rats for 4 weeks and 8 weeks. The explants were assessed for new bone formation using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and von Kossa staining. Results The MSCs could attach and proliferate on all three groups of scaffolds. Interestingly, the ALP activity of MSCs reached the greatest value on day 7 after cultured on the scaffolds, whereas the calcium assay displayed the highest level of calcium in MSCs on day 28. Furthermore, weight percentages of calcium and phosphorus on the surface of MSCs after cultivation on the GCD scaffolds increased when compared to those on other scaffolds. The scanning electron microscopy images showed that MSCs attached and proliferated on the scaffold surface thoroughly over the cultivation time. Mineral crystal aggregation was evident in GC and greatly in GCD scaffolds. H&E staining illustrated that G, GC, and GCD scaffolds displayed osteoid after 4 weeks of implantation and von Kossa staining confirmed the mineralization at 8 weeks in G, GC, and GCD scaffolds. Conclusion The MSCs cultured in GCD scaffolds revealed greater osteogenic differentiation than those cultured in G and GC scaffolds. Additionally, the G, GC, and GCD scaffolds could promote in vivo ectopic bone formation in rat model. The GCD scaffolds exhibited maximum osteoinductive capability compared with others and may be potentially used for bone regeneration.

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