scholarly journals Improved Control of Apple and Citrus Fruit Decay with a Combination of Candida saitoana and 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed El-Ghaouth ◽  
Joseph L. Smilanick ◽  
Michael Wisniewski ◽  
Charles L. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Orange Fruit ◽  
Water Treated Control

A combination of Candida saitoana with 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose to control decay of apple, lemon, and orange fruit was evaluated. Growth of C. saitoana in vitro was reduced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose; however, in apple wounds, the yeast grew as well in the presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose as in its absence. When applied to fruit wounds before inoculation, the combination of C. saitoana with 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose was more effective in controlling decay of apple, orange, and lemon caused by Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, and P. digitatum than either C. saitoana or the application of a 0.2% solution of 2-deoxy-D-glucose alone. Increasing the concentration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose from 0.2 to 0.5% did not improve control significantly. The combination of C. saitoana with 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose was also effective against infections established up to 24 h before treatment. When applied within 24 h after inoculation, the combination of C. saitoana with 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose was very effective in controlling blue mold of apple and green mold of orange and lemon. The level of control of green mold was equivalent to imazalil treatment. When either C. saitoana or 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose was applied within 24 h after inoculation, neither had an effect on disease development on apple, orange, or lemon, and the incidence of decay was similar to the water-treated control.

scholarly journals Effects of Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y16 on Postharvest Blue Mold Decay and the Defense Response of Apples

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Zhao ◽  
Yiwen Sun ◽  
Dongbiao Yang ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Xiangyu Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Response ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Tube Length ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Germ Tube Length ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Sporidiobolus Pararoseus

The efficacy of Sporidiobolus pararoseus Y16 in controlling postharvest blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum on apples and the defense response involved were evaluated. The results suggested that the decay incidence of blue mold of apples treated by S. pararoseus Y16 was significantly reduced compared with the control. In vitro testing indicated that germination of spores and germ tube length of P. expansum were markedly inhibited by S. pararoseus Y16. Meanwhile, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and catalase (CAT) activities and several pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression levels (including PR3, PR4, PR5, and PR9) were determined. In apples, the activities of PPO, POD, CAT, and PAL were significantly induced by S. pararoseus Y16 treatment compared with the control fruits. The relative expression levels of PR3 and PR4 were significantly induced at 4 and 6 d, while PR5 was significantly induced at 4 and 6 d and PR9 was significantly induced at 4 d. Therefore, the reduction in apple fruit decay by S. pararoseus Y16 treatment could be related to the increased activities of related enzymes and proteins involved in the defense against pathogens, which suggest that S. pararoseus Y16 is a potential antagonistic yeast.

scholarly journals Disease Incidence—Inoculum Dose Relationships for Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum and Decay of Pear Fruit Using Dry, Airborne Conidia

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 755-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Spotts ◽  
Louis A. Cervantes
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Inoculum Dose ◽  
Airborne Concentration ◽  
Fruit Decay

The objective of this research was to determine quantitative relationships between incidence of pear fruit decay and inoculum dose of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum using dry conidia applied to wet or dry pears in a settling tower. On wet fruit, incidence of gray mold fruit rot increased from 0.1 to 83.1% as the airborne concentration of B. cinerea conidia increased from 0 to 8.6 spores per liter of air. Significantly less decay occurred in fruit inoculated dry compared to wet, particularly in fruit wounded after inoculation. Incidence of blue mold increased from 1 to 100% as the airborne concentration of P. expansum conidia increased from 0.1 to 803.5 spores per liter of air. Blue mold incidence was not affected by fruit wetness or time of wounding relative to inoculation. All regressions of decay incidence versus airborne and surface conidial concentrations were highly significant (P = 0.01).

scholarly journals A Novel Secreted Cysteine-Rich Anionic (Sca) Protein from the Citrus Postharvest Pathogen Penicillium digitatum Enhances Virulence and Modulates the Activity of the Antifungal Protein B (AfpB)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Sandra Garrigues ◽  
Jose F. Marcos ◽  
Paloma Manzanares ◽  
Mónica Gandía
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Antifungal Protein ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Antifungal Proteins ◽  
Ascomycete Fungi ◽  
In Vitro Antifungal Activity

Antifungal proteins (AFPs) from ascomycete fungi could help the development of antimycotics. However, little is known about their biological role or functional interactions with other fungal biomolecules. We previously reported that AfpB from the postharvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum cannot be detected in the parental fungus yet is abundantly produced biotechnologically. While aiming to detect AfpB, we identified a conserved and novel small Secreted Cysteine-rich Anionic (Sca) protein, encoded by the gene PDIG_23520 from P. digitatum CECT 20796. The sca gene is expressed during culture and early during citrus fruit infection. Both null mutant (Δsca) and Sca overproducer (Scaop) strains show no phenotypic differences from the wild type. Sca is not antimicrobial but potentiates P. digitatum growth when added in high amounts and enhances the in vitro antifungal activity of AfpB. The Scaop strain shows increased incidence of infection in citrus fruit, similar to the addition of purified Sca to the wild-type inoculum. Sca compensates and overcomes the protective effect of AfpB and the antifungal protein PeAfpA from the apple pathogen Penicillium expansum in fruit inoculations. Our study shows that Sca is a novel protein that enhances the growth and virulence of its parental fungus and modulates the activity of AFPs.

scholarly journals Indole-3-Acetic Acid Improves Postharvest Biological Control of Blue Mold Rot of Apple by Cryptococcus laurentii

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Yu ◽  
Jishuang Chen ◽  
Huangping Lu ◽  
Xiaodong Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Natural Resistance ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Biocontrol Efficacy ◽  
Indole 3 Acetic Acid

Cryptococcus laurentii is a well-known postharvest biocontrol yeast; however, it cannot provide satisfactory levels of decay control when used alone. Here, we evaluated the effects of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a plant growth regulator, on the biocontrol efficacy of the yeast antagonist C. laurentii against blue mold rot caused by Penicillium expansum in apple fruit. Results showed that the addition of IAA at 20 μg/ml to suspensions of C. laurentii greatly enhanced inhibition of mold rot in apple wounds compared with that observed with C. laurentii alone. The addition of IAA at 20 μg/ml or lower did not influence the population growth of C. laurentii in wounds, but adverse effects were seen on C. laurentii when the concentration of IAA was increased to 200 μg/ml or above in vitro and in vivo. P. expansum infection in apple wounds was not inhibited when the pathogen was inoculated into the fruit wounds within 2 h after application of IAA; however, infection was reduced when inoculated more than 12 h after IAA application. Treatment of wounds with IAA at 20 μg/ml 24 h before pathogen inoculation resulted in significant inhibition of P. expansum spore germination and host infection. Application of IAA at 20 μg/ml also reduced P. expansum infection when it was applied 48 h before pathogen inoculation in the intact fruit. Thus, IAA could reinforce the biocontrol efficacy of C. laurentii in inhibiting blue mold of apple fruit by induction of the natural resistance of the fruit.

Effect of the Yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum on Postharvest Decay and Patulin Accumulation in Apples and Pears

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUIYU ZHU ◽  
TING YU ◽  
SHUANGHUAN GUO ◽  
HAO HU ◽  
XIAODONG ZHENG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Biological Degradation ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Marine Yeast ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Biological Treatments ◽  
Promising Source

The effect of a strain of marine yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum on postharvest blue mold and patulin accumulation in apples and pears stored at 23°C was evaluated. The occurrence and severity of apple and pear decay caused by Penicillium expansum were significantly inhibited by R. paludigenum. However, the application of the yeast at a high concentration (108 cells per ml) enhanced patulin accumulation after 7 days of storage; the amount of patulin increased 24.2 times and 12.6 times compared to the controls in infected apples and pears, respectively. However, R. paludigenum reduced the patulin concentration in the growth medium by both biological degradation and physical adsorption. Optimal in vitro patulin reduction was observed at 30°C and at pH 6.0. R. paludigenum incubated at 28°C was tolerant to patulin at concentrations up to 100 mg/liter. In conclusion, R. paludigenum was able to control postharvest decay in apples and pears and to remove patulin in vitro effectively. However, because the yeast induced patulin accumulation in fruit, the assessment of mycotoxin content after biological treatments in postharvest decay control is important. R. paludigenum may also be a promising source of gene(s) and enzyme(s) for patulin degradation and may be a tool to decrease patulin contamination in commercial fruit-derived products.

scholarly journals Fumigation of Fruit with Short-Chain Organic Acids to Reduce the Potential of Postharvest Decay

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 689-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Sholberg
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Monilinia Fructicola ◽  
Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Postharvest Decay ◽  
Fruit Decay

Vapors of acetic (1.9 or 2.5 μl/liter), formic (1.2 μl/liter), and propionic (2.5 μl/liter) acids were tested for postharvest decay control on 8 cherry, 14 pome, and 3 citrus fruit cultivars. Surfacesterilized fruit were inoculated with known fungal pathogens by drying 20-μl drops of spore suspension on marked locations on each fruit, placing at 10°C to equilibrate for approximately 24 h, and fumigating by evaporating the above acids in 12.7-liter airtight fumigation chambers for 30 min. Immediately after fumigation, the fruit were removed, aerated, aseptically injured, and placed at 20°C until decay occurred. All three fumigants controlled Monilinia fructicola, Penicillium expansum, and Rhizopus stolonifer on cherry. Formic acid increased fruit pitting on six of eight cultivars and was the only organic acid to increase blackening of cherry stems when compared to the control. Decay of pome fruit caused by P. expansum was reduced from 98% to 16, 4, or 8% by acetic, formic, and propionic acids, respectively, without injury to the fruit. Decay of citrus fruit by P. digitatum was reduced from 86 to 11% by all three acids, although browning of the fruit peel was observed on grapefruit and oranges fumigated with formic acid.

scholarly journals Whole-genome comparisons of Penicillium spp. reveals secondary metabolic gene clusters and candidate genes associated with fungal aggressiveness during apple fruit decay

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangxi Wu ◽  
Wayne M. Jurick II ◽  
Franz J. Lichtner ◽  
Hui Peng ◽  
Guohua Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Cluster ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Pome Fruit ◽  
Fruit Decay ◽  
Postharvest Rot ◽  
Fungal Interactions

Blue mold is a postharvest rot of pomaceous fruits caused by Penicillium expansum and a number of other Penicillium species. The genome of the highly aggressive P. expansum strain R19 was re-sequenced and analyzed together with the genome of the less aggressive P. solitum strain RS1. Whole genome scale similarities and differences were examined. A phylogenetic analysis of P. expansum, P. solitum, and several closely related Penicillium species revealed that the two pathogens isolated from decayed apple with blue mold symptoms are not each other’s closest relatives. Among a total of 10,560 and 10,672 protein coding sequences respectively, a comparative genomics analysis revealed 41 genes in P. expansum R19 and 43 genes in P. solitum RS1 that are unique to these two species. These genes may be associated with pome fruit–fungal interactions, subsequent decay processes, and mycotoxin accumulation. An intact patulin gene cluster consisting of 15 biosynthetic genes was identified in the patulin producing P. expansum strain R19, while only a remnant, seven-gene cluster was identified in the patulin-deficient P. solitum strain. However, P. solitum contained a large number of additional secondary metabolite gene clusters, indicating that this species has the potential capacity to produce an array of known as well as not-yet-identified products of possible toxicological or biotechnological interest.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Penicillium expansum Isolated from Grapes and its Management by Leaf Extract of Chenopodium murale

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. ACCEPTED
Author(s):  
Iqra Haider Khan ◽  
Arshad Javaid ◽  
Syeda Fakehha Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Chenopodium Murale

Penicillium expansum Link causes an economically important postharvest blue mold disease in a number of fruits and vegetables. In the present study, this fungus was isolated from rotted grapes and identified on morphological basis. Identification of the pathogen was further confirmed on molecular basis by using four different primer pairs namely ITS, β-tubulin, CMD and CF under accession numbers MN752155, MN787831, MN787832 and MN787833, respectively. Leaf extract of Chenopodium murale was assessed for its potential to control in vitro growth of P. expansum. For this purpose, leaves were extracted in methanol and after evaporation of the solvent, the resulting extract was successively partitioned with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol followed by antifungal bioassays with different concentrations (1.562 to 200 mg mL-1) each organic solvent fraction. Although all the fractions variably controlled the fungal pathogen, however, n-butanol fraction showed the highest antifungal activity causing 45–86% reduction in biomass of the pathogen. Ethyl acetate fraction was also highly antifungal and reduced fungal biomass by 44–81%. Chloroform and n-hexane fractions were comparatively less effective and reduced biomass of P. expansum by 30–72% and 11–44%, respectively. This study concludes that ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions are highly antifungal in nature against P. expansum.

scholarly journals Pre- and Postharvest Treatments to Control Green Mold of Citrus Fruit During Ethylene Degreening

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Smilanick ◽  
M. F. Mansour ◽  
D. Sorenson
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Digitatum ◽  
Color Removal ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Green Mold ◽  
Orange Fruit ◽  
High Level

Two approaches, fungicide applications to trees before harvest and drenching fruit after harvest, were evaluated to minimize postharvest green mold, caused by Penicillium digitatum, particularly among fruit subjected to ethylene gas after harvest, a practice termed “degreening” that eliminates green rind color. Preharvest applications of thiophanate methyl (TM) controlled postharvest green mold consistently. In five tests, green mold among degreened orange fruit was 16% when TM was applied 1 week before harvest; whereas, among fruit not treated, the incidence was 89.5%. Thiabendazole (TBZ) applied to harvested fruit in bins before degreening also was very effective. TBZ effectiveness was enhanced by mild heating (41°C), adding sodium bicarbonate, and immersing fruit, rather than drenching them, with the solution. With these measures, an isolate of P. digitatum with a high level of TBZ resistance was significantly controlled. In semicommercial tests with naturally inoculated fruit, TBZ and sodium bicarbonate treatment reduced green mold incidence from 11% among untreated orange fruit to 2%. TBZ residues in lemon fruit at 41°C were about twice those treated at 24°C. Neither TM before harvest nor TBZ and sodium bicarbonate applied after harvest influenced green color removal during degreening of orange fruit. Sodium bicarbonate slightly reduced the rate of lemon color change.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document