scholarly journals Simultaneous Changes in Astigmatism with Noncycloplegia Refraction and Ocular Biometry in Chinese Primary Schoolchildren

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yaoyao Lin ◽  
Dandan Jiang ◽  
Chunchun Li ◽  
Xiao Chang ◽  
Balamurali Vasudevan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Ocular Biometry ◽  
Spherical Equivalent Refraction ◽  
Primary Schoolchildren ◽  
Corneal Radius ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
Clinically Significant

Purpose. To assess the changing profile of astigmatism in Chinese schoolchildren and the association between astigmatism changes and ocular biometry. Methods. We examined and followed up 1,463 children aged 6–9 years from Wenzhou, China. We measured noncycloplegic refraction twice each year and tested axial length (AL) and corneal radius of curvature (CRC) annually for two years. We defined clinically significant astigmatism (CSA) as ≤−0.75 diopter (D) and non-CSA astigmatism as ≤0 to >−0.75 D. Results. Prevalence of CSA at baseline was 22.4% (n = 327) and decreased to 20.3% (n = 297) at the two-year follow-up (P=0.046). Ninety-two (8.1%) non-CSA children developed CSA. In multiple regression, after adjusting for age, gender, baseline cylinder refraction, and axis, children who had longer baseline ALs (>23.58 mm; odds ratio (OR) = 5.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.72–9.90) and longer baseline AL/CRC ratio (>2.99, OR = 4.99, 95% CI: 2.37–10.51) were more likely to develop CSA after two years. Four-hundred and two (27.5%) children had increased astigmatism, 783 (53.5%) had decreased, and 278 (19.0%) had no change during the two-year follow-up. Children with increased astigmatism had longer baseline ALs (23.33 mm, P<0.001), higher AL/CRC ratios (2.99 mm, P<0.001), and more negative spherical equivalent refraction (SER) (−0.63 D, P<0.001) compared with the decreased and no astigmatism change subgroups. Also, children in the increased astigmatism subgroup had more AL growth (0.68 mm, P<0.001), higher increases in AL/CRC ratio (0.08, P<0.001), and more negative SER change (−0.86 D, P<0.001) compared with the decreased and no astigmatism change subgroups. Conclusions. The prevalence of astigmatism decreased slightly over the two-year study period. Longer ALs and higher AL/CRC ratios were independent risk factors for developing CSA. Increased astigmatism was associated with AL growth, AL/CRC ratio increases, and the development of myopia. This trial is registered with ChiCTR1800019915.

scholarly journals Development of Refractive Parameters in 3- to 6-Year-Old Children and Its Application in Myopia Prediction and Intervention Guidance

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ya Zhang ◽  
Ming Su ◽  
Hua Liu ◽  
Yanxia Song ◽  
Jing Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Hebei Province ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Ocular Biometry ◽  
Refractive Development ◽  
Corneal Radius ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Vision Screener

Objective. To investigate refractive development and prevalence of myopia in children aged 3-6 years in Hebei Province, China, and to explore the developmental law of refraction, so as to clinically guide the prediction and intervention of myopia. Methods. In May 2019, a total of 6120 people were inspected in 68 kindergartens in 11 cities in Hebei Province. Child refractive refraction was checked under noncycloplegia using a handheld binocular vision screener (SW-800, SUOER, Tianjin, China). Axial length (AL) and corneal radius of curvature (CR) were measured using an ocular biometry (IOLMaster 500, Carl Zeiss, Germany). Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent SE ≤ − 0.75   D . Results. A total of 5506 children aged 3-6 years met the criteria and were included in the statistical analysis. The prevalence of myopia was 3.49% (1.93% at age 3, 2.90% at age 4, 3.78% at age 5, and 3.88% at age 6). Overall, the mean SE was + 0.67 ± 1.05   D ( + 0.81 ± 1.00   D at age 3, + 0.79 ± 1.05   D at age 4, + 0.67 ± 1.08   D at age 5, and + 0.13 ± 1.01   D at age 6); the mean CR was 7.76 ± 0.26   mm ( 7.78 ± 0.26   mm at age3, 7.75 ± 0.25   mm at age 4, 7.77 ± 0.26   mm at age 5, and 7.76 ± 0.25   mm at age 6); the mean AL was 22.31 ± 0.73   mm ( 21.98 ± 0.63   mm at age 3, 22.12 ± 0.69   mm at age 4, 22.34 ± 0.73   mm at age 5, and 22.49 ± 0.73   mm at age 6). Conclusions. Prevalence of myopia increases with age in children aged 3-6 years in Hebei, China. With the increase of age, CR is basically stable, and AL increases gradually. AL/CR, which is closely related to SE, can be used as an indicator to predict myopia and guide clinical work.

scholarly journals The Role of Axial Length-Corneal Radius of Curvature Ratio in Refractive State Categorization in a Nigerian Population

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eghosasere Iyamu ◽  
Joy Iyamu ◽  
Christian Izuchukwu Obiakor
Keyword(s):  
Axial Length ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Refractive State ◽  
Spherical Equivalent Refraction ◽  
Nigerian Population ◽  
Corneal Radius ◽  
The Mean

The aim of this study was to investigate the association of axial length (AL)/corneal radius of curvature (CRC) ratio (AL/CRC) with spherical equivalent refractive state (SER) in young adults. A total of seventy () subjects consisting of 31 males and 39 females participated in this study. Subjects were categorized into emmetropia, hyperopia and myopia using the spherical equivalent refraction. The axial length was measured with I-2100 A-Scan ultrasonography/Biometer (CIMA Technology, USA), the corneal radius of curvature with Bausch & Lomb H-135A (Bausch & Lomb Corp., USA), and the refractive state by static retinoscopy and subjective refraction. The mean AL, CRC and AL/CRC ratio of all subjects were 23.74 ± 0.70 mm, 7.84 ± 0.19 mm, and 3.03 ± 0.14, respectively. Myopes had significantly longer AL, steeper CRC and higher AL/CRC ratio than the emmetropes and hyperopes. There was statistically significant inverse correlation between AL and CRC (, ), SER (, ), and between SER and AL/CRC (, ). A significant positive correlation was found between CRC and SER (, ). The categorization of the refractive state of an individual is better done by using the AL/CRC ratio index.

scholarly journals The Correlation of Cycloplegic Refraction with Corneal Radius of Curvature-Adjusted Axial Length in Chinese Preschoolers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-hong Zhou ◽  
Yian Li ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Chen-hao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Axial Length ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Spherical Equivalent Refraction ◽  
Curvature Coefficient ◽  
Corneal Radius ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background: In order to master the refractive status and detect severe refractive errors quickly and effectively, this study aimed to investigate the association of axial length after adjusting for corneal radius of curvature with refraction in a group of Chinese preschoolers. Methods: Retrospective review of 716 Chinese children aged from 3 to 6 years, who underwent cycloplegic optometry with 1% atropine eye gel in the ophthalmology department of Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, National Children’s Medical Center in Shanghai. Meanwhile axial length, corneal radius of curvature and cycloplegic autorefraction were obtained and axial length/corneal radius of curvature (AL/CR) ratio was calculated. The correlations of spherical equivalent refraction (SER) with axial length, corneal radius of curvature, AL/CR ratio and corneal radius of curvature-adjusted axial length were analyzed. Results: Only data from the right eye were included in this analysis. Among 716 eyes of 716 Chinese preschoolers, the mean (±SD) SER was 2.28±2.41 diopters (D), of which hyperopia, emmetropia, myopia were 84.64%, 8.54%, 6.84%, respectively. The mean(±SD) axial length, corneal radius of curvature and AL/CR ratio were 21.89±1.01mm, 7.76±0.27 mm, and 2.82±0.13, respectively. The SER was highly negative correlated with both axial length (coefficient –0.722) and AL/CR ratio (coefficient-0.814), and weakly correlated with corneal radius of curvature (coefficient 0.090) and gender(coefficient 0.093). Axial length was weakly correlated with age and gender(coefficient 0.232 and 0.268, respectively), but moderately correlated with corneal radius of curvature (coefficient 0.424). After adjusting for corneal radius of curvature, the correlation coefficient between SER and axial length significantly increased to-0.918. Conclusion: In the samples of 716 3-to 6-year-old Chinese children, axial length was moderately correlated with corneal radius of curvature. After adjusting for corneal radius of curvature, refraction was closely correlated with axial length than axial length alone and AL/CR ratio. Therefore, corneal radius of curvature-adjusted axial length might be a useful tool for pediatric ophthalmologists to detect refractive errors. Key Words: spherical equivalent refraction; corneal radius of curvature; adjusted; axial length; preschoolers.

scholarly journals Refractive outcome of cataract surgery in eyes filled with silicone oil

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Kanclerz ◽  
Christoph Leisser ◽  
Andrzej Grzybowski ◽  
Paweł Lipowski
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Silicone Oil ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Refractive Outcome ◽  
Spherical Equivalent Refraction ◽  
Cataract Development ◽  
Oil Injection ◽  
Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery

Abstract Background Cataract development is common in phakic eyes filled with silicone oil (SO), necessitating subsequent cataract removal. This study evaluated the refractive outcome in eyes filled with SO undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery (PCS). Methods This retrospective study evaluated patients with SO tamponade who were scheduled for PCS. Results Subjects (n=26) were followed-up for 29.5 ± 13.9 months after cataract surgery. The median spherical equivalent refraction (SER) was +5.3 D (interquartile range [IQR] +2.9 to +6.7) before PCS, and +3.4 D (IQR +2.0 to +4.4) after PCS. Within the follow-up period retinal reattachment after SO removal was achieved in 15 out of 26 eyes (57.7%). In 13 eyes assessment of refraction after SO-removal was possible, and showed a myopic shift of -4.6 D (IQR -2.9 to -7.3) in the SER. After SO removal, 5 of 13 eyes (38.5%) were within ±1.0 D of the target refraction, while 9 out of 13 eyes (69.2%) were within ±2.0 D. Conclusions The refractive outcome after PCS for eyes filled with SO is less predictable than that for normal eyes. Some of the eyes undergoing silicone oil injection may require long-term tamponade.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Relationships between Corneal Parameters, Ocular Biometry, and Myopia Magnitude

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 3077-3084
Author(s):  
Mohd Izzuddin Hairol ◽  
Norlaili Arif ◽  
Pui Theng Yong ◽  
Mariah Asem Shehadeh Saleh Ali ◽  
Nik Nor Adlina Nik Idris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Axial Length ◽  
Corneal Thickness ◽  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Corneal Curvature ◽  
Ocular Biometry ◽  
Corneal Asphericity ◽  
Corneal Radius ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

Axial length of the eye correlates with the magnitude of myopia. However, there are conflicting reports on the relationship between certain corneal parameters with myopia magnitude. The objective of this study was to compare ocular biometry and corneal parameters between emmetropic and myopic groups. Participants (n=127) were categorized as emmetropia (spherical equivalent, SE, ±0.50D), low myopia (-0.75D≤SE<-6.00D) and high myopia (SE≥-6.00D). The difference in axial length, anterior chamber depth, and vitreous chamber depth between emmetrope, low myope, and high myope were highly significant (one-way ANOVA, all p<0.001) with significant correlations between SE and all these parameters (simple regressions, all p<0.001). However, central corneal thickness, corneal radius of curvature, and corneal asphericity between these groups, and the correlations between the ocular parameters with SE were not significantly different (all p>0.05). Corneal curvature correlated significantly with axial length (p=0.001) but not with myopia magnitude (p=0.91). Rather than myopia magnitude, axial length appears to be more sensitive to detect changes in corneal curvature in myopes. In conclusion, myopic patients’ axial length should be carefully considered for interventions that involve the cornea, such as orthokeratology and refractive surgery.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Phacoemulsification and Graft Refractive Surgery in Penetrating Keratoplasty Eyes

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Sepehr Feizi ◽  
Mohammad Zare ◽  
Bahram Einollahi
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Surgery ◽  
Penetrating Keratoplasty ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Iol Implantation ◽  
Acceptable Accuracy ◽  
Corrected Visual Acuity ◽  
Spherical Equivalent Refraction ◽  
Iol Power ◽  
Relaxing Incisions

Purpose. To report outcomes of graft refractive surgery (GRS) along with clear-cornea phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) eyes. Methods. Fourteen eyes of 13 patients who had received PKP underwent simultaneous GRS (relaxing incisions with or without counter-quadrant compression sutures) and clear-cornea phacoemulsification with IOL implantation. To calculate IOL power, preoperative keratometry readings and the SRK-T formula were used. Results. Mean patient age and follow-up period were years and months, respectively. A significant increase was observed in best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (from logMAR to logMAR, ). There was a significant decrease in vector keratometric astigmatism by 6.22 D (). Spherical equivalent refraction was reduced from  D to  D () which did not significantly differ from the target refraction ( D, ). No complications developed and all the grafts remained clear at the final examination. Conclusion. Simultaneous phacoemulsification and GRS is a safe and effective method to address post-PKP astigmatism and lens opacity. IOL power can be calculated from preoperative keratometry readings with an acceptable accuracy. However, patients should be informed about the possibility of high refractive errors postoperatively.

scholarly journals Relationship between Myopia Progression and School Entrance Age: A 2.5-Year Longitudinal Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Linjie Liu ◽  
Dandan Jiang ◽  
Chunchun Li ◽  
Yaoyao Lin ◽  
Wenzhe Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Biological Structure ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
School Entrance ◽  
Corneal Radius ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Automatic Refractometer ◽  
Entrance Age

Objective. To investigate the association between myopia progression and school entrance age among Chinese schoolchildren and to suggest a more appropriate school age. Methods. 1,463 children aged six to nine years from Wenzhou, China, were examined and followed up for two and a half consecutive years. Their noncycloplegic refraction was measured twice each year by using an automatic refractometer; axial length (AL) and corneal radius of curvature (CRC) were tested annually by using the IOLMaster for 2.5 years. The questionnaires were completed by the children to collect detailed information regarding risk factors. Here, myopia is defined as a spherical equivalent less than −1.0D. Results. The changes in spherical equivalent (SE) of 7-year-old children in grade 1 and grade 2 were −0.45D and -0.56D, while changes in AL were 0.59 mm and 0.62 mm, respectively. The SE changes of 8-year-old children in grade 2 and grade 3 were −0.54D and −0.75D; meanwhile, the AL changes were 0.57 mm and 0.61 mm, respectively. Significant statistical differences were observed in ocular biological structure parameters, except for corneal radius of curvature (CRC) or anterior chamber depth (ACD), among children with the same age in different grades during this study. The prevalence of myopia was also significantly higher in higher grades for children with same age. Conclusions. Myopia is related to children’s school entrance age. Children who start school in an earlier age are more likely to suffer from myopia, and the progression of myopia can be considerably faster. Therefore, it is recommended to enter school after the age of 7.

scholarly journals Factors for Treatment Success in Anisometropic Amblyopia: Effect of Refractive Errors of the Amblyopic Eyes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daye Diana Choi ◽  
Dae Hee Kim ◽  
Ungsoo Samuel Kim ◽  
Seung-Hee Baek
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Anisometropic Amblyopia ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Significant Factors

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the factors for treatment success in anisometropic amblyopia according to the spherical equivalent (SE) type of amblyopic eyes. Methods: Medical records of 397 children with anisometropic amblyopia aged 3 to 12 years during 2010~2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Anisometropia was defined as ≥1 diopter (D) difference in SE, or ≥1.5 D difference of cylindrical error between the eyes. According to the SE of amblyopic eyes, patients were categorized into hyperopia (SE ≥1D), emmetropia (-1< SE <+1) and myopia (SE ≤-1D) groups. Treatment success was defined as achieving interocular LogMAR visual acuity difference < 0.2. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the factors for treatment success.Results: Significant factors for the amblyopia treatment success in hyperopia group (n=270) were younger age [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) (95% confidence interval, CI) = 0.60 (0.41-0.88)], larger astigmatism of sound eye [aOR (95% CI) = 0.04 (0-0.78)], better BCVA in amblyopic eyes at presentation [aOR (95% CI) = 0.01 (0-0.16)], longer follow-up period [aOR (95%CI)=1.1 (1.04-1.17)], and no comorbid strabismus [aOR (95%CI)= 0.25 (0.06-0.99)]. In myopia group (n=68), older age [aOR (95% CI) =0.45 (0.20-0.97)] and worse BCVA in amblyopic eyes [aOR (95% CI) = 0.04 (0-0.61)] were inversely associated with higher odds of treatment success. There was no significant factor for treatment success in emmetropia group (n=59).Conclusions: The type of refractive error of amblyopic eyes at presentation affects the factors for treatment success of anisometropic amblyopia.

Predictors of Steal in Hemodialysis Access

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (10) ◽  
pp. 1099-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Korn ◽  
Hamid Alipour ◽  
Joshua Zane ◽  
Kelsey Gray ◽  
Timothy Ryan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitor ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Hemodialysis Access ◽  
Single Center ◽  
Arteriovenous Access ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Steal Syndrome

Pathological steal is an uncommon but devastating complication after the creation of arteriovenous access for hemodialysis. In this study, we sought to assess predictors of clinically significant steal syndrome and to further evaluate the outcome of differing surgical treatment approaches. A retrospective analysis was performed of 282 consecutive patients undergoing hemodialysis access at a single center from November 2014 to April 2016. Adequate follow-up to assess for the development of steal was obtained in 237 patients. One hundred and fifty-seven (66%) patients were male, 152 (64%) Hispanic, and 164 (69%) had diabetes. Forty-three (18%) had prior access procedures. Autologous fistula was created in 218 patients (92%). Pathologic steal occurred in 15 patients (6.7%). On univariate analysis, significant predictors of steal included female sex [P = 0.03, odds ratio (OR) = 3.3, CI [1.1–9]), no systemic heparin at operation (P = 0.02, OR = 5.0, CI [1.4–10]), use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (P = 0.003, OR = 5.6, CI [1.7–18.6]), and increased vein size (3.1 vs 4.1 mm P = 0.01). Twelve patients had steal managed with an intervention, but only one patient received distal revascularization. Furthermore, we identify key predictors of clinically significant steal syndrome while demonstrating that distal revascularization and/or fistula ligation are rarely indicated treatment modalities.

scholarly journals Retinopathy Phenotypes in Type 2 Diabetes with Different Risks for Macular Edema and Proliferative Retinopathy

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines P. Marques ◽  
Maria H. Madeira ◽  
Ana L. Messias ◽  
Torcato Santos ◽  
António C-V. Martinho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Macular Edema ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Retinal Thickness ◽  
Proliferative Retinopathy ◽  
Clinically Significant Macular Edema ◽  
Clinically Significant

Our group reported that three diabetic retinopathy (DR) phenotypes: A, characterized by low microaneurysm turnover (MAT < 6) and normal central retinal thickness (CRT); B, low MAT (<6) and increased CRT, and C, high MAT (≥6), present different risks for development of macular edema (DME) and proliferative retinopathy (PDR). To test these findings, 212 persons with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and mild nonproliferative retinopathy (NPDR), one eye per person, were followed for five years with annual visits. Of these, 172 completed the follow-up or developed an outcome: PDR or DME (considering both clinically significant macular edema (CSME) and center-involved macular edema (CIME)). Twenty-seven eyes (16%) developed either CSME (14), CIME (10), or PDR (4), with one eye developing both CSME and PDR. Phenotype A showed no association with development of vision-threatening complications. Seven eyes with phenotype B and three with phenotype C developed CIME. Phenotype C showed higher risk for CSME development, with 17.41 odds ratio (p = 0.010), compared with phenotypes A + B. All eyes that developed PDR were classified as phenotype C. Levels of HbA1c and triglycerides were increased in phenotype C (p < 0.001 and p = 0.018, respectively). In conclusion, phenotype C identifies eyes at higher risk for development of CSME and PDR, whereas phenotype A identifies eyes at very low risk for vision-threatening complications.

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