scholarly journals Fundus Autofluorescence and Optical Coherence Tomography Characteristics in Different Stages of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mary Ho ◽  
Stephanie H. W. Kwok ◽  
Andrew C. Y. Mak ◽  
Frank H. P. Lai ◽  
Danny S. C. Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Fundus Autofluorescence ◽  
Serous Retinal Detachment ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Photoreceptor Layer ◽  
Oct Imaging ◽  
Sd Oct

Objective. To describe the morphological changes on fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging at different chronicity of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Methods. This cross-sectional study included patients with CSC of different chronicity. Changes in FAF scans and morphological changes on SD-OCT were evaluated and compared at different stages of CSC. Results. Sixty-nine patients were enrolled in the study, with a mean age of 52.1 ± 11.8 years. A distinct hypoautofluorescence (AF) pattern was observed at the leakage point in acute CSC (100%). The leakage site was indistinguishable in 48% of the patients with late-chronic CSC. The majority of acute CSC patients showed hyper-AF in the area of serous retinal detachment (SRD), which persisted in the early-chronic stage of CSC. In late-chronic CSC, many cases of hypo-AF (22.2%) and mixed-pattern AF (14.8%) were observed. SD-OCT revealed evolving features of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) abnormalities in a time-dependent manner: from peaked PEDs in acute CSC to low-lying PEDs in early-chronic CSC and, eventually, flat, irregular PEDs in late-chronic CSC. The average thickness of the photoreceptor layer (inner and outer segment; IS/OS) was 79 μm in the acute group and 55.2 μm in the chronic group. The photoreceptor layer (IS/OS) height was positively associated with visual acuity ( p = 0.002 ). Conclusion. Different stages of CSC present different patterns on FAF and SD-OCT imaging. Chronicity of CSC can be estimated using specific features in these images. Photoreceptor layer (IS/OS) height acts as a good and objective predictor of visual outcomes in CSC patients.

scholarly journals Applications of Multimodal Imaging in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Mary Ho ◽  
Gabriel Li ◽  
Andrew Mak ◽  
Danny Ng ◽  
Lawrence Iu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ◽  
Multimodal Imaging ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Fundus Autofluorescence ◽  
Serous Retinal Detachment ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Optical Coherence

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a macular disease characterized by serous retinal detachment commonly involving the macular region. CSCR has a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. Although a significant proportion of CSCR cases are self-limiting, patients can suffer from persistent or recurrent disease, sometimes complicated with choroidal neovascularization, resulting in permanent visual loss. Multimodal imaging, including fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, fundus autofluorescence, and optical coherence tomography, has advanced the diagnosis and classification of CSCR cases. Evolution of new imaging techniques including optical coherence tomography angiography, wide-field imaging, and en face reconstruction imaging has also contributed to better understandings of the pathophysiology of CSCR. This review article summarizes the features of multimodal imaging for CSCR and discusses the application of such features in evaluating the disease.

Dark and white lesions observed in central serous chorioretinopathy on optical coherence tomography angiography

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 446-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flore De Bats ◽  
Pierre-Loïc Cornut ◽  
Benjamin Wolff ◽  
Laurent Kodjikian ◽  
Martine Mauget-Faÿsse
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ◽  
Multimodal Imaging ◽  
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Serous Retinal Detachment ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Dark Spot ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Choroidal Neovascular Membrane

Purpose: To describe abnormal dark (hyposignal) and white (hypersignal) lesions observed on optical coherence tomography angiography in central serous chorioretinopathy. Methods: Prospective, multicenter, and descriptive study including patients with active or quiescent central serous chorioretinopathy. All patients had undergone a complete ophthalmic examination. Results: Abnormal dark lesions were detected as “dark spots” and “dark areas” on optical coherence tomography angiography. A “dark spot” could correspond to six different abnormalities: pigment epithelium detachment, subretinal deposit, “Lucency” within surrounding subretinal fibrin, choroidal cavitation, choroidal excavation, and choroidal fluid. A “dark area” could be related to a serous retinal detachment or choriocapillary compression. Abnormal white lesions were also detected: A “white spot” could correspond with the leaking point on fluorescein angiography or with hyper-reflective dots; A “white filamentous pattern” at the Brüch’s membrane level corresponded to abnormal choroidal neovascular vessels. Conclusion: A semiology is described using optical coherence tomography angiography in central serous chorioretinopathy as abnormal dark and white lesions. Multimodal imaging is mandatory in addition to optical coherence tomography angiography to diagnose non-neovascular retinal and choroidal central serous chorioretinopathy lesions. However, optical coherence tomography angiography alone is helpful in detecting choroidal neovascular membrane in central serous chorioretinopathy.

scholarly journals Early Detection of Incipient Retinal Pigment Epithelium Atrophy Overlying Drusen with Fundus Autofluorescence vs. Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anabel Rodríguez ◽  
Marc Biarnés ◽  
Rosa M. Coco-Martin ◽  
Anna Sala-Puigdollers ◽  
Jordi Monés
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Retinal Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Median Time ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Fundus Autofluorescence ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Geographic Atrophy ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Rpe Atrophy ◽  
Sd Oct

Purpose. This study aims to find out which tool, fundus autofluorescence (FAF) or spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), is more sensitive in detecting retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) demise overlying drusen and can, therefore, help predict geographic atrophy (GA) appearance in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Methods. A single-site, retrospective, observational, longitudinal study was conducted. Patients with intermediate AMD (iAMD) (large (>125 μm) or intermediate (63–125 μm) drusen with hyper/hypopigmentation) with a minimum follow-up of 18 months were included. Drusen with overlying incipient RPE atrophy were identified on SD-OCT defined as choroidal hypertransmission or nascent geographic atrophy (nGA). These selected drusen were, then, traced backwards in time to determine if incipient RPE atrophy overlying drusen was observed on FAF (well-demarcated region of absence of autofluorescence) before, simultaneously, or after having detected the first signs of incipient RPE atrophy on SD-OCT. The number of drusen in which signs of incipient RPE atrophy was detected earlier using FAF or SD-OCT was compared. The time elapsed from the identification with the more sensitive method to the other was recorded and analyzed. Results. One hundred and thirty-three drusen in 22 eyes of 22 patients were included. Of these, 112 (84.2%) drusen showed choroidal hypertransmission and 21(15.8%) nGA. Early signs of atrophy overlying drusen were found simultaneously on SD-OCT and FAF in 52 cases (39.1%, 95% CI 30.8–47.9%), earliest on FAF in 51 (38.3%, 95% CI 30.0–47.2%) and first on SD-OCT in 30 (22.6%, 95% CI 15.8–30.6%; p<0.05). Statistically significant differences were found between both techniques (p=0.005), with FAF detecting it earlier than SD-OCT. When RPE atrophy was found first on FAF, the median time to diagnosis with SD-OCT was 6.6 months (95% CI 5.5 to 8.6), while if detection occurred earlier on SD-OCT, the median time until identification with FAF was 12.6 months (95% CI 6.0 to 23.4; p=0.0003). Conclusions. In iAMD cases in which early atrophy overlying drusen is not detected simultaneously in FAF and SD-OCT, FAF was significantly more sensitive. Nevertheless, a multimodal approach is recommended and required to evaluate these patients.

scholarly journals Optical coherence tomography findings predictive of response to treatment in diabetic macular edema

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 4455-4464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Joo Cho ◽  
Dong Hyun Lee ◽  
Min Kim
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Macular Edema ◽  
Diabetic Macular Edema ◽  
Serous Retinal Detachment ◽  
Intravitreal Bevacizumab ◽  
Internal Limiting Membrane ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Sd Oct

Objective To evaluate the short-term efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) and posterior sub-tenon triamcinolone injections (PSTI) on the basis of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) patterns in diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods We retrospectively reviewed 73 eyes of 73 patients with DME. Based on the presence of serous retinal detachment (SRD), eyes were categorized into two groups, and either IVB or PSTI treatment was performed. Central macular thickness (CMT) and the degree of SRD were assessed preoperatively and 1 month postoperatively. The severity of intraretinal edema was approximated based on the distance from the external limiting membrane to the internal limiting membrane. Results In eyes with SRD, reduction of SRD was greater with IVB than with PSTI. Moreover, reduction of intraretinal edema was greater with PSTI than with IVB. In eyes without SRD, PSTI achieved greater CMT reduction, compared with IVB. Conclusions In DME patients with SRD, IVB achieved greater reduction of SRD, compared with PSTI; however, intraretinal edema responded more favorably to PSTI, regardless of the presence of SRD. Our results suggest that the classification of DME based on OCT findings may be useful to predict responses to IVB or PSTI treatments.

scholarly journals Virtual-OCT: A simulated optical coherence tomography instrument

2014 ◽  
Vol 07 (05) ◽  
pp. 1450030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Liu ◽  
Cuixia Dai ◽  
Yuanhe Tang ◽  
Peng Xi
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Partial Coherence ◽  
Spectral Domain ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Algorithm Optimization ◽  
Virtual Instrumentation ◽  
Parameter Evaluation ◽  
Oct Imaging ◽  
Sd Oct

We report the virtual instrumentation of both time-domain (TD) and spectral-domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems. With a virtual partial coherence source from either a simulated or measured spectrum, the OCT signals of both A-scan and B-scan were demonstrated. The spectrometric detector's pixel number, dynamic range, noise, as well as spectral resolution can be simulated in the virtual spectral domain (SD-OCT). The virtual-OCT system provides an environment for parameter evaluation and algorithm optimization for experimental OCT instrumentation, and promotes the understanding of OCT imaging and signal post-processing processes.

Novel method using 3-dimensional segmentation in spectral domain-optical coherence tomography imaging in the chick reveals defocus-induced regional and time-sensitive asymmetries in the choroidal thickness

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIANE R. NAVA ◽  
BHAVNA ANTONY ◽  
LI ZHANG ◽  
MICHAEL D. ABRÀMOFF ◽  
CHRISTINE F. WILDSOET
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Choroidal Thickness ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Choroidal Thickening ◽  
Area Centralis ◽  
Oct Imaging ◽  
Sd Oct

AbstractStudies into the mechanisms underlying the active emmetropization process by which neonatal refractive errors are corrected, have described rapid, compensatory changes in the thickness of the choroidal layer in response to imposed optical defocus. While high frequency A-scan ultrasonography, as traditionally used to characterize such changes, offers good resolution of central (on-axis) changes, evidence of local retinal control mechanisms make it imperative that more peripheral, off-axis changes also be tracked. In this study, we used in vivo high resolution spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) imaging in combination with the Iowa Reference Algorithms for 3-dimensional segmentation, to more fully characterize these changes, both spatially and temporally, in young, 7-day old chicks (n = 15), which were fitted with monocular +15 D defocusing lenses to induce choroidal thickening. With these tools, we were also able to localize the retinal area centralis, which was used as a landmark along with the ocular pectin in standardizing the location of scans and aligning them for subsequent analyses of choroidal thickness (CT) changes across time and between eyes. Values were derived for each of four quadrants, centered on the area centralis, and global CT values were also derived for all eyes. Data were compared with on-axis changes measured using ultrasonography. There were significant on-axis choroidal thickening that was detected after just one day of lens wear (∼190 µm), and regional (quadrant-related) differences in choroidal responses were also found, as well as global thickness changes 1 day after treatment. The ratio of global to on-axis choroidal thicknesses, used as an index of regional variability in responses, was also found to change significantly, reflecting the significant central changes. In summary, we demonstrated in vivo high resolution SD-OCT imaging, used in combination with segmentation algorithms, to be a viable and informative approach for characterizing regional (spatial), time-sensitive changes in CT in small animals such as the chick.

scholarly journals Acute Retinal Pigment Epitheliitis: Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography, Fluorescein Angiography, and Autofluorescence Findings

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuğba Aydoğan ◽  
Esra Güney ◽  
Betül İlkay Sezgin Akçay ◽  
Tahir Kansu Bozkurt ◽  
Cihan Ünlü ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Fluorescein Angiography ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Outer Nuclear Layer ◽  
Fundus Autofluorescence ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Spectral Domain ◽  
Fundus Examination ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Sd Oct

A 17-year-old presented with central and paracentral scotomas in his right eye for one week. There was no remarkable medical or ocular history. Blood analyses were within normal range. At presentation both eyes’ best-corrected visual acuities were 20/20. Slit-lamp examination result was normal. Fundus examination revealed yellow-white hypopigmented areas in the macula. Fluorescein angiography (FA) showed hypofluorescence surrounded by ring of hyperfluorescence. Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) was slightly increased. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) showed disruption of IS/OS junction with expansion of abnormal hyperreflectivity from retinal pigment epithelium to the outer nuclear layer (ONL). One month later fundus examination showed disappearance of the lesions. FA revealed transmission hyperfluorescence. FAF showed increased autofluorescence and pigment clumping. Hyperreflective band in SD-OCT disappeared. Loss of photoreceptor segment layers was observed in some of the macular lesions. The diagnosis of acute retinal pigment epitheliitis can be challenging after disappearance of fundus findings. FA, FAF, and SD-OCT are important tests for diagnosis after resolution of the disease.

scholarly journals Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliana Costanzo ◽  
Salomon Yves Cohen ◽  
Alexandra Miere ◽  
Giuseppe Querques ◽  
Vittorio Capuano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Choroidal Neovascularization ◽  
Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ◽  
Multimodal Imaging ◽  
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Serous Retinal Detachment ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Outer Retina

Purpose. To analyze optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) findings in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and to compare them with those obtained with multimodal imaging.Methods. A series of consecutive patients diagnosed with CSC, underwent OCTA and multimodal imaging, including spectral domain OCT, fluorescein, and indocyanine green angiography. OCTA images were performed at three main depth intervals: automatically segmented outer retina, manually adjusted outer retina, and automatically segmented choriocapillaris.Results. Thirty-three eyes of 32 consecutive patients were analyzed. OCTA showed 3 main anomalies at the choriocapillaris: the presence of dark areas (19/33 eyes) which were frequently associated with serous retinal detachment, presence of dark spots (7/33 eyes) which were frequently associated with retinal pigment epithelium detachment, and presence of abnormal vessels (12/33 eyes) which were frequently, but not systematically, associated with choroidal neovascularization, as confirmed by multimodal imaging.Conclusions. OCTA revealed dark areas and dark spots, which were commonly observed. An abnormal choroidal pattern was also observed in one-third of cases, even when multimodal imaging did not evidence any choroidal neovascularization. Abnormal choroidal vessels should be interpreted with caution, and we could assume that this pathological choroidal vascular pattern observed in many CSC cases could be distinct from CNV.

scholarly journals Total venous nature of retinal deep capillary plexus inferred by continuity of prominent middle limiting membrane sign in optical coherence tomography

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257698
Author(s):  
Jialiang Duan ◽  
Minhao Li ◽  
Zhifeng Wu ◽  
Zhengwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Retinal Artery Occlusion ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Vein Occlusion ◽  
Capillary Plexus ◽  
Retinal Artery ◽  
Oct Imaging ◽  
Sd Oct

This study aimed to theoretically identify the vascular nature of the deep capillary plexus (DCP) by examining patients presenting with both paracentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) and prominent middle limiting membrane (p-MLM) sign and p-MLM sign alone in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). A retrospective review of the medical records of patients with retinal vein or artery occlusion from two tertiary medical centers was performed. Consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of all categories of retinal artery occlusion (RAO) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO) (branch or central and ischemic or non-ischemic) who had undergone SD-OCT imaging from January 2015 to May 2020 were recruited and their p-MLM signs and PAMM lesions were assessed. We included 118 patients who presented with p-MLM sign with or without PAMM lesions. Amon them, 40 were female and 78 were male, with a mean age of 61.1 years. Of the 109 patients with both p-MLM sign and PAMM lesions, 23 had branch RAO, two had branch RVO, 67 had central RAO, 13 had central RVO, and four had a combination of central RAO and central RVO. All nine patients with the p-MLM sign alone had central RVO accompanied by cystoid macular edema. In all the enrolled patients, the hyperreflective lines of the p-MLM sign were continuous, regardless of the type of PAMM lesions. In conclusion, when PAMM and p-MLM sign are examined together, further proof regarding the possible complete venous nature of the vasculature of the retinal DCP might be speculated.

scholarly journals Fundus Autofluorescence in Lamellar Macular Holes and Pseudoholes: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinando Bottoni
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Fundus Autofluorescence ◽  
Internal Limiting Membrane ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Outer Retina ◽  
Small Loss ◽  
Macular Holes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Sd Oct

Macular pseudoholes (MPHs) and lamellar macular holes (LMHs) have been recently defined according to spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) criteria. A major feature for differentiating an MPH from an LMH remains the loss of foveal tissue. The anatomy of the foveola is peculiar with the macular pigment (MP) embedded in a very thin layer of tissue underlying the internal limiting membrane and mainly constituted of a specialized group of Müller cells and Henle’s fibers. Despite the near microscopic resolution (≈5–7 μm) and the capability to visualize the outer retina in detail, SD-OCT may fail to ascertain whether a very small loss of this foveolar tissue has occurred. Blue-fundus autofluorescence (B-FAF) imaging is useful in this respect because even very small loss of MP can be identified, suggesting a corresponding localized loss of the innermost layers of the foveola. A definition of MP loss would help differentiating an LMH from an MPH where B-FAF imaging will be negative.

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