Paederus Dermatitis Outbreak in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study

Background. Paederus dermatitis is an irritant contact dermatitis caused by crushing insects of the genus Paederus, which releases a vesicant toxin called pederin. On July 28, 2018, the district health office received a report of cases with erythema, itching, and burning after contact with the Paederus insect. In response, we investigated the outbreak intending to describe, confirm, and identify the risk factors associated with the country’s first reported outbreak. Methods. A community-based unmatched case-control study was conducted from August 10 to 22, 2018. Two hundred twenty-five (75 cases and 150 controls) study participants were involved in the study. Cases were defined as Bole subcity residents who had acute contact dermatitis after contact with the insect, while controls were persons who did not have contact with the insect. Cases were recruited consecutively as they present, whereas controls were selected by the neighborhood sampling method. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for the data collection, and multiple logistic regression was applied to determine the independent risk factors. The results were expressed as adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. A total of 122 cases were reported from the three districts of the subcity. The mean age of cases and controls was 23.6 (SD ± 16.4) and 29.4 (SD ± 10.9) years, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of outdoor light (AOR = 5.1; 95% CI (2.5, 10.9), presence of rotten leaves (AOR = 6.4; 95% CI (2.9, 15.7)), sleeping on the floor (AOR = 6.1; 95% CI (2.5, 15.7)), wearing protective clothing (AOR = 0.2; 95% CI (0.1, 0.4)), and use of insect repellant (AOR = 0.1; 95% CI (0.0, 0.4)) were significantly associated with Paederus dermatitis outbreak. Conclusion. The investigation identified exposure to artificial light and the presence of rotten leaves around the residential area as important factors leading to an increase in the odds of Paederus dermatitis. In contrast, the use of insect repellant and wearing protective clothing were shown to provide protection. The investigation determined that reducing burning outdoor lights, cleaning excess vegetation, avoiding sleeping on the floor, using insect repellants, and wearing protective clothing can reduce the risk of contracting Paederus dermatitis.

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Risk factors for stillbirth and early neonatal death: a case-control study in tertiary hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth ◽

10.1186/s12884-021-04025-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Eskinder Kebede ◽

Melani Kekulawala

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Neonatal Death ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Case Control ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Early Neonatal Death ◽

Tertiary Hospitals ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background Ethiopia is a Sub-Saharan country that has made significant improvements in maternal mortality and under-five mortality over the past 15 years. However, the nation continues to have one of the highest rates of perinatal mortality in the entire world with current estimates at 33 deaths per 1000 live births. Methods This case-control study was conducted between October 2016 and May 2017 at Tikur Anbessa Hospital and Gandhi Memorial Hospital. All women who had a stillbirth or early neonatal death (i.e. death within 7 days) during this period willing to participate were included as cases. A systematic random sample of women delivering at the hospital were approached for recruitment as controls to generate a 2:1 ratio of controls to cases. Data on risk factors were retrieved from medical records including delivery records, and treatment charts. Statistical differences in background and social characteristics of cases and controls were determined by t-test and chi-squared (or fisher’s exact test) for quantitative and categorical variables respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis was completed to determine any associations between risk factors and stillbirth/early neonatal death. Results During the study period, 366 women delivering at the hospitals were enrolled as cases and 711 women delivering at the hospitals were enrolled as controls. Records from both hospitals indicated that the estimated stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates were 30.7 per 1000. Neonatal causes (43.4%) were the most common, followed by antepartum (32.5%) and intrapartum (24.5%). Risk factors for stillbirths and early neonatal death were low maternal education (aOR 1.747, 95%CI 1.098–2.780), previous stillbirth (aOR 9.447, 95%CI 6.245–14.289), previous preterm birth (aOR 3.620, 95%CI 2.363–5.546), and previous child with congenital abnormality (aOR 2.190, 95% 1.228–3.905), and antepartum hemorrhage during pregnancy (aOR 3.273, 95% 1.523–7.031). Conclusion Antepartum hemorrhaging is the only risk factor in our study amenable for direct intervention. Efforts should be maximized to improve patient education and antenatal and obstetric services. Moreover, the most significant cause of mortality was asphyxia-related causes. It is imperative that obstetric capacity in rehabilitation services are strengthened and for further studies to investigate the high burden of asphyxia at these tertiary hospitals to better tailor interventions.

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Risk Factors of Perinatal Asphyxia Among Newborns Delivered at Public Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Case–Control Study

Pediatric Health Medicine and Therapeutics ◽

10.2147/phmt.s260788 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol Volume 11 ◽

pp. 297-306

Author(s):

Tewodros Mulugeta ◽

Girum Sebsibe ◽

Fikirtemariam Abebe Fenta ◽

Migbar Sibhat

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Perinatal Asphyxia ◽

Case Control ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

Control Study

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Risk Factors for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis and Characteristics of Cases: A Case-Control Study of Patients Attending ALERT General Hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Open Journal of Respiratory Diseases ◽

10.4236/ojrd.2019.91001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 09 (01) ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Ezra Shimeles ◽

Fikre Enquselassie ◽

Melaku Tilahun ◽

Alemayehu Mekonnen ◽

Getachew Wondimagegn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

General Hospital ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Case Control ◽

Resistant Tuberculosis ◽

Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽

Control Study

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Risk factors for Japanese encephalitis: a case-control study

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268810000063 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 138 (9) ◽

pp. 1292-1297 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

W. LIU ◽

R. V. GIBBONS ◽

K. KARI ◽

J. D. CLEMENS ◽

A. NISALAK ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Japanese Encephalitis ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Health Centre ◽

Case Control ◽

Rice Fields ◽

Older Age ◽

District Health ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Control Study

SUMMARYJapanese encephalitis (JE) has been found to be endemic in Bali, Indonesia. A case-control study was conducted to identify factors associated with JE infection. All 94 serologically confirmed JE cases (cases) and 163 cases of encephalitis or aseptic meningitis without JE (controls) identified in Bali during 2001–2004 were included in the study. Potential risk factors were surveyed at hospital admission. Univariate analyses revealed the following factors to be associated with JE: older age, referral from sub-district health centre or private hospital, playing outdoors after dinner, use of mosquito repellent or spraying, proximity of the residence to rice fields, and pig ownership by the family or next-door neighbours. Multivariate analysis identified proximity to rice fields (OR 2·93, 95% CI 1·57–5·45), pig ownership (OR 2·24, 95% CI 1·17–4·26), and older age (OR 1·21, 95% CI 1·09–1·33) as being independently associated with the risk of JE. Because rice cultivation and pig rearing are essential to the economy of Bali, JE immunization is the best intervention for prevention of JE in Bali.

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A case-control study to assess risk factors related to cholera outbreak in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, July 2016

Pan African Medical Journal ◽

10.11604/pamj.2019.34.128.17997 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 ◽

Author(s):

Abduilhafiz Assen Endris ◽

Musse Tadesse ◽

Emana Alemu ◽

Emmanuel Onuche Musa ◽

Aschalew Abayneh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Case Control ◽

Cholera Outbreak ◽

Control Study

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Risk factors for tuberculosis: A case–control study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0214235 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. e0214235 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ezra Shimeles ◽

Fikre Enquselassie ◽

Abraham Aseffa ◽

Melaku Tilahun ◽

Alemayehu Mekonen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Study

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Risk factors for stillbirth and early neonatal death: A case-control study in tertiary hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-37249/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Eskinder Kebede Weldetensaye ◽

Melani Kekulawala

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Neonatal Death ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Addis Ababa ◽

Case Control ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Early Neonatal Death ◽

Tertiary Hospitals ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background: Globally, Ethiopia is ranked seventh in the absolute number of stillbirths. Attempts to decrease this number have been obstructed by an inadequate understanding of the risk factors leading to stillbirth and early neonatal death in Ethiopia. This study was conducted in two tertiary hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, to identify the risk factors for stillbirth and neonatal death in this setting.Methods: This case-control study was conducted between October 2016 and May 2017 at Tikur Anbessa Hospital (TAH) and Gandhi Memorial Hospital (GMH). All enrolled women who had a stillbirth or early neonatal death during this period were included as cases and a random sample of women delivering at the hospital was selected to enroll as controls for a 2:1 ratio of controls to cases. Data on potential risk factors were retrieved from medical records including health passports, delivery records, and treatment charts. Statistical differences in background and social characteristics of cases and controls were determined by t-test and chi-squared (or fisher’s exact test) for quantitative and categorical variables, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis was completed to determine any associations between risk factors and stillbirth/early neonatal death.Results: During the study period, 366 women delivering at the hospitals were enrolled as cases and 711 women delivering at the hospitals were enrolled as controls. During the study period, hospital records indicated that the estimated stillbirth and neonatal death rates were 30.7 per 1000. Neonatal causes (43.4%) were the most common, followed by antepartum (32.5%) and intrapartum (24.5%). Risk factors for stillbirths and early neonatal death were maternal education (aOR 1.747, 95%CI 1.098-2.780), parity (aOR 1.114, 95%CI .058- 2.484), previous stillbirth (aOR 9.447, 95%CI 6.245-14.289), previous preterm birth (aOR 3.620, 95%CI 2.363-5.546), and previous child with congenital abnormality (aOR 2.190, 95% 1.228-3.905), and antepartum hemorrhage during pregnancy (aOR 3.273, 95% 1.523-7.031).Conclusion: Antepartum hemorrhaging is the only risk factor in our study amenable for direct intervention. Efforts should be maximized to improve patient education and antenatal and obstetric services, particularly for women who have a history of obstetric complications identified as risk factors.

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