739. Self-Reported Prevalence of Insect Bites During International Travel

Background Vector borne diseases are responsible for almost one fifth of global infectious disease burden. International travelers are at risk for potentially life-threatening conditions when visiting areas with endemic vector borne disease, but this risk can be mitigated when proper insect precautions are taken. This study sought to evaluate the prevalence of insect precaution use and subsequent insect bites among Utah travelers who have attended pre-travel consultations. Methods A cross-sectional study at the University of Utah and Salt Lake County travel clinics was analyzed. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were used to explore factors associated with insect repellant use, and reporting bug bites despite insect repellant use. Results A total of 463 individuals completed the survey and were included in our analytic sample. The majority of respondents (80%) reported using insect repellent, and close to half (45%) reported bug bites. Insect repellent use was positively associated with visiting rural/countryside (OR 2.78, 95% CI 1.50 – 5.15), and traveling to South East Asia (OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.40 – 7.26), or Americas regions (OR 3.34, 95% CI 1.45 – 7.92). Being of male gender (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.21 – 0.64) or traveling to high altitude locations (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.18 – 0.74) was negatively associated with using insect repellent. Longer trip duration (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00 – 1.02) was positively associated with reporting insect bites, while male gender (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.33 – 0.80), older age (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.95 – 0.98), and having an advanced degree (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.22 – 0.99) were negatively associated. Estimated Risk Factors of Insect Bites and Insect Repellent Use Characteristics of international travelers were self-reported in a cross-sectional study. Use of insect repellent and reporting bug bites despite repellant use was examined through multivariate logistic regression and used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Due to multicollinearity and data skewness, the following variables were omitted from the insect repellent model: Accommodation: Hotel/other enclosed structure, Location: European, Location: and Western Pacific. Reference categories are Gender: Female, Education: High school diploma/GED or less, Group size: 1 (Traveled alone), Location type: Urban, and Malaria region: No. All other categories are not mutually exclusive and evaluated as separate binary variables. Conclusion We show that gender, age, trip duration, and education level were associated with self-reported bug bites during travel abroad. Given the number of vector-borne diseases affecting health of travelers, our findings will contribute towards strategies to advise travelers for disease prevention. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Efficacy of Bixaorellana: A Review

Bixa Orellana, commonly known as lipstick tree, is a small perennial tree with reddish triangular fruits. It is commonly utilised as a natural dye, which found a wide range of applications in both foods and textile industries. It is also used in traditional medicinal practices to treating various health ailments. This review aims to summarise the ethnobotanical, phytochemistry as well as the pharmacological potential of Bixa Orellana. It has been used for fever, skin problems, intestinal problems, and hepatoprotection by the various tribal communities worldwide. It is also employed as an antidote to bites and as an insect repellant. The phytochemical review demonstrated numerous bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, etc. The pharmacological investigations evidenced that the plant has excellent antimicrobial, antipyretic, antidiabetic, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. In addition, Bixa Orellana can be used as a photosensitiser in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation therapy to eliminate micro-organisms. So, the pieces of evidence highlighted in this review will be helpful insights for further scientific studies for the discovery and development of novel therapeutic agents.

Optimum Composition of Developed Additive Based Insect Repellent Paint

Active compounds of Cymbopogon winterianius, Cymbopogoncitratus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Cedrus, and Eugenol, have been reported to have different insect repellant compounds. Control and development of natural insect repellent additive based decorative coating has driven this work to incorporate the essential oils with long chain fatty acids in water-based lab developed conventional paint. In this work, the Additive based Paint was formulated and its ability to repel different insects was determined. The optimum composition of developed additive based paint was determined by three standard paint analyses which were adhesion, elasticity and insect repellency. As per challenge of Pigment powder and Polymer use for such paint is achieved by testing on Latest instruments. The best composition of additive in paint was found to be 15%. Where it able to repel Pavement Ants, non-biting Flies, Mosquitoes and Black field ant with 80% efficiency. It is envisioned that the formulated paint is effectively function as insect repellent thus as an alternative way to reduce the insect-borne diseases.

Paederus Dermatitis Outbreak in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Case-Control Study

Background. Paederus dermatitis is an irritant contact dermatitis caused by crushing insects of the genus Paederus, which releases a vesicant toxin called pederin. On July 28, 2018, the district health office received a report of cases with erythema, itching, and burning after contact with the Paederus insect. In response, we investigated the outbreak intending to describe, confirm, and identify the risk factors associated with the country’s first reported outbreak. Methods. A community-based unmatched case-control study was conducted from August 10 to 22, 2018. Two hundred twenty-five (75 cases and 150 controls) study participants were involved in the study. Cases were defined as Bole subcity residents who had acute contact dermatitis after contact with the insect, while controls were persons who did not have contact with the insect. Cases were recruited consecutively as they present, whereas controls were selected by the neighborhood sampling method. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for the data collection, and multiple logistic regression was applied to determine the independent risk factors. The results were expressed as adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results. A total of 122 cases were reported from the three districts of the subcity. The mean age of cases and controls was 23.6 (SD ± 16.4) and 29.4 (SD ± 10.9) years, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of outdoor light (AOR = 5.1; 95% CI (2.5, 10.9), presence of rotten leaves (AOR = 6.4; 95% CI (2.9, 15.7)), sleeping on the floor (AOR = 6.1; 95% CI (2.5, 15.7)), wearing protective clothing (AOR = 0.2; 95% CI (0.1, 0.4)), and use of insect repellant (AOR = 0.1; 95% CI (0.0, 0.4)) were significantly associated with Paederus dermatitis outbreak. Conclusion. The investigation identified exposure to artificial light and the presence of rotten leaves around the residential area as important factors leading to an increase in the odds of Paederus dermatitis. In contrast, the use of insect repellant and wearing protective clothing were shown to provide protection. The investigation determined that reducing burning outdoor lights, cleaning excess vegetation, avoiding sleeping on the floor, using insect repellants, and wearing protective clothing can reduce the risk of contracting Paederus dermatitis.

Efficacy of Commonly Used Mosquito Coils Containing Pyrethrin against Lymphatic Filariasis Vector Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) in Gombe

Aims: Mosquito coil is a common insect repellant used in many homes to repel and kill mosquitoes that transmit diseases and another insect pest. The present study was conducted to explore the potency of the commonly used brand of mosquito coil containing pyrethroids against Culex quinquefasciatus in Gombe and its communities. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biological sciences insectary laboratory of Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria between August and December 2017. Methodology: Four (4) different brands tagged; C1, C2, C3 and C4 containing 0.08% Merperflutrin, 0.2% Pyrethroids, 0.05% Transflutrine + 0.1% Esbiothrin and 0.25% d-Trans-allethrin respectively were investigated. Ten (10) reared adult mosquitoes were transferred separately into various containers using an aspirator. Data on knockdown time and Adult mortality were recorded. All the data collected were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant difference between the treatments at P=.05. Results: Merperflutrin 0.08%, Transflutrine 0.05% + Esbiothrin 0.1% and 0.25% d-Transalletrin recorded highest mortality of 100% each and 0.2% Pyrethroids recorded 96% mortality at 24hours of exposure to the treatment respectively. The mortality is time- dependent and all the treatments show significant mortality at P=.05. Transflutrine 0.05% + Esbiothrin 0.1% recorded the lowest KT50 value of 2.41 min. Conclusion: Merperflutrin 0.08%, and Transflutrine 0.05% + Esbiothrin 0.1% have the highest efficacy; faster knockdown rate and could be used as a repellent in minimizing the population of the indoor resting density of mosquitoes’ species in our homes.

Optimum Composition of Developed Additive Based Insect Repellent Paint

Active compounds of Cymbopogon winterianius, Cymbopogoncitratus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Cedrus, and Eugenol, have been reported to have different insect repellant compounds. Control and development of natural insect repellent additive based decorative coating has driven this work to incorporate the essential oils with long chain fatty acids in water-based lab developed conventional paint. In this work, the Additive based Paint was formulated and its ability to repel different insects was determined. The optimum composition of developed additive based paint was determined by three standard paint analyses which were adhesion, elasticity and insect repellency. As per challenge of Pigment powder and Polymer use for such paint is achieved by testing on Latest instruments. The best composition of additive in paint was found to be 15%. Where it able to repel Pavement Ants, non-biting Flies, Mosquitoes and Black field ant with 80% efficiency. It is envisioned that the formulated paint is effectively function as insect repellent thus as an alternative way to reduce the insect-borne diseases.

Optimum Composition of Developed Additive Based Insect Repellent Paint

BackgroundActive compounds of Cymbopogon winterianius, Cymbopogoncitratus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Cedrus, and Eugenol, have been reported to have different insect repellant compounds. Control and development of natural insect repellent additive based decorative coating has driven this work to incorporate the essential oils with long chain fatty acids in water-based lab developed conventional paint. MethodsIn this work, the Additive based Paint was formulated and its ability to repel different insects was determined. The optimum composition of developed additive based paint was determined by three standard paint analyses which were adhesion, elasticity and insect repellency. ResultsAs per challenge of Pigment powder and Polymer use for such paint is achieved by testing on Latest instruments. The best composition of additive in paint was found to be 15%. Where it able to repel Pavement Ants, non-biting Flies, Mosquitoes and Black field ant with 80% efficiency. ConclusionsIt is envisioned that the formulated paint is effectively function as insect repellent thus as an alternative way to reduce the insect-borne diseases.

Structure and Properties of Polyamide Fabrics with Insect-Repellent Functionality by Electrospinning and Oxygen Plasma-Treated Surface Coating

The need for light-weight and high-strength insect-repellant fabrics is of critical importance to the cessation of viral diseases. The goal of the study is to investigate the structure and properties of insect-repellent polyamide fabrics for use in protective garments to guard against mosquitos. Permethrin was applied to the polyamide fabrics through incorporation into the nylon 6 polymer solution during electrospinning and dip coating onto the control untreated and oxygen plasma-treated polyamide fabrics: electropun nylon 6 nanofiber nonwovens, commercially available nylon 6 warp knit tricot, and nylon 66 double weft, knit interlock fabrics. The incorporation of permethrin into the polymer solution before the formation of fibers demonstrated the most efficient way to apply permethrin to the fiber/fabric systems. The plasma treatment significantly increased the amount of permethrin on the surface of the fabrics. All permethrin-containing polyamide fabrics showed excellent fastness of the insecticide to light. The electrospun nylon 6 nonwovens demonstrated the best fastness to washing among the plasma-treated electrospun nylon 6, nylon 66 double weft knit, and nylon 6 warp-knit tricot. All permethrin-treated fabrics were repellent and caused higher percentage of mosquito escape compared to the control untreated fabrics.

Synthesis of (+)-bovidic acid

(+)-Bovidic acid is an 18-carbon hydroxyfuranoid acid isolated from the pelage of the gaur (Bos frontalis) and displays potential as an insect repellant. Both a formal and total synthesis of (+)-bovidic acid was carried out with the core of the natural product being synthesized through Mukaiyama aerobic oxidative cyclization employing the second-generation Co(nmp)2 catalyst.

A Review of Botanical Characteristics, Traditional Usage, Chemical Components, Pharmacological Activities, and Safety ofPereskia bleo(Kunth) DC

Pereskia bleo, a leafy cactus, is a medicinal plant native to West and South America and distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. It is traditionally used as a dietary vegetable, barrier hedge, water purifier, and insect repellant and for maintaining health, detoxification, prevention of cancer, and/or treatment of cancer, hypertension, diabetes, stomach ache, muscle pain, and inflammatory diseases such as dermatitis and rheumatism. The aim of this paper was to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive review of the botanical characteristics, traditional usage, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and safety ofP. bleo. A literature search using MEDLINE (via PubMed), Science direct, Scopus and Google scholar and China Academic Journals Full-Text Database (CNKI) and available eBooks and books in the National University of Singapore libraries in English and Chinese was conducted. The following keywords were used:Pereskia bleo, Pereskia panamensis, Pereskia corrugata, Rhodocacus corrugatus, Rhodocacus bleo, Cactus panamensis, Cactus bleo, Spinach cactus, wax rose, Perescia, and Chinese rose. This review revealed the association between the traditional usage ofP. bleoand reported pharmacological properties in the literature. Further investigation on the pharmacological properties and phytoconstituents ofP. bleois warranted to further exploit its potentials as a source of novel therapeutic agents or lead compounds.