Comparison of the Effects of Restricted Morning or Evening Water Intake on Adrenocortical Activity in Female Rats

1978 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 236-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.D. Gray ◽  
A.M. Bergfors ◽  
R. Levin ◽  
S. Levine
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Adrenocortical Activity

Ovarian steroid regulation of angiotensin II-induced water intake in the rat

1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (1) ◽  
pp. R90-R96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori R. Kisley ◽  
Randall R. Sakai ◽  
Li Yun Ma ◽  
Steven J. Fluharty
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Peptide Hormone ◽  
Estradiol Benzoate ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Concurrent Administration ◽  
Ovarian Steroid ◽  
Steroid Administration ◽  
Dose Dependent

Spontaneous water intake as well as thirst elicited by ANG II has been shown to be influenced by the stage of the estrous cycle in the female rat. In these experiments, the contribution of each of the ovarian steroid hormones to the regulation of water intake was examined. Ovariectomized female rats were given replacement doses of estrogen, progesterone, or both, and their responsiveness to an intracerebroventricular injection of ANG II was tested. Forty-eight-hour treatment with estradiol benzoate attenuated ANG II-induced thirst by as much as 70% compared with control animals. The effect of estrogen on drinking was dose dependent and could be completely blocked with concurrent administration of the antiestrogen CI-628. In contrast, progesterone, given alone or after estrogen, did not significantly affect ANG II-induced water intake when animals were tested at 4 or 24 h after steroid administration. A central interaction between the peptide hormone ANG II and estrogen, involving a genomic mechanism, may underlie the cyclicity in water intake behavior observed in the rat.

Mediation of isoproterenol-induced thirst in rats by β2-adrenergic receptors

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Katovich ◽  
M. J. Fregly
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Adrenergic Receptors ◽  
Subcutaneous Administration ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Acute Administration ◽  
Drinking Response ◽  
Adrenergic Antagonist ◽  
Blocking Activity ◽  
Β Adrenergic Receptors ◽  
Adrenergic Blocking

Isoproterenol-induced thirst in rats has been attributed to the activation of β-adrenergic receptors. Since these receptors can be further differentiated pharmacologically into β1 and β2 types, experiments were performed using several β-adrenergic agonists and antagonists to determine the receptor type initiating the isoproterenol-induced thirst. The β1- and β2-adrenergic antagonist, d,l-propranolol (1 mg/kg, ip), blocked the increase in water intake usually accompanying acute subcutaneous administration of isoproterenol (25 μg/kg) to female rats. Since l-propranolol is known to stabilize membranes and to possess anesthetic-like properties, d-propranolol was also used. This isomer has little β-adrenergic-blocking activity but possesses anesthetic-like activity. Administration of d-propranolol (1 mg/kg, ip) failed to affect the drinking response to acute administration of isoproterenol (25 μg/kg). Practolol (125 mg/kg), a β1-adrenergic antagonist with little anesthetic properties, also had no effect on water intake of isoproterenol-treated rats. Butoxamine, a selective β2-adrenergic antagonist, attenuated the drinking response to isoproterenol. Salbutamol (150 μg/kg), a β2-adrenergic agonist, mimicked the effect of isoproterenol on water intake. These results are consistent with the suggestion that β2-adrenergic receptors mediate the isoproterenol-induced thirst in rats.

Studies of the Toxicological Potential of Capsinoids: VIII. A 13-Week Toxicity Study of Commercial-Grade Dihydrocapsiate in Rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 101-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eri Watanabe ◽  
Terutaka Kodama ◽  
Takeshi Masuyama ◽  
Shoji Tsubuku ◽  
Akira Otabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Organ Weights

Dihydrocapsiate, (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl 8-methylnonanoate; CAS No. 205687-03-2) is a naturally occurring capsinoid compound found in nonpungent chili peppers. Although the safety of synthetically produced dihydrocapsiate has been previously evaluated, the purpose of this 13-week gavage toxicity study is to evaluate dihydrocapsiate produced with a slightly modified manufacturing process. Sprague-Dawley rats, 10 rats/sex/group, 6 weeks of age at study initiation, were administered the dihydrocapsiate daily by gavage at dose levels of 0 (vehicle), 100,300, or 1000 mg/kg/day. The rats were observed for antimortem and postmortem signs of toxicity, including changes in clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, water intake, ophthalmology, clinical pathology (clinical chemistry, hematology, urinalysis), tissue findings (macroscopic and microscopic examination), as well as organ weights. There were no changes observed in clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, water intake, ophthalmology, urinalysis, hematology, or blood chemistry that were attributable to the administration of dihydrocapsiate. The only change observed attributable to the dihydrocapsiate administration involved the liver and that change occurred only at the high dose (1000 mg/kg). Both sexes had an increase in organ weights, but this increase correlated with a change in histopathology (i.e., hepatocyte hypertrophy) only in the males. No dihydrocapsiate-related histopathological changes were observed in males at doses ≤300 mg/kg or in females at any of the doses tested (≤1000 mg/kg). It was concluded that the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of dihydrocapsiate was 300 mg/kg/day for male rats and 1000 mg/kg/day for female rats in this 13 week gavage study.

Prenatal exposure to ethanol causes partial diabetes insipidus in adult rats

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (2) ◽  
pp. R277-R283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Knee ◽  
Aileen K. Sato ◽  
Catherine F. T. Uyehara ◽  
John R. Claybaugh
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Liquid Diet ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Mrna Content ◽  
The Right

Chronic consumption of ethanol in adult rats and humans leads to reduced AVP-producing neurons, and prenatal ethanol (PE) exposure has been reported to cause changes in the morphology of AVP-producing cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of young rats. The present studies further characterize the effects of PE exposure on AVP in the young adult rat, its hypothalamic synthesis, pituitary storage, and osmotically stimulated release. Pregnant rats were fed a liquid diet with 35% of the calories from ethanol or a control liquid diet for days 7–22 of pregnancy. Water consumption and urine excretion rate were measured in the offspring at 60–68 days of age. Subsequently, the offspring were infused with 5% NaCl at 0.05 ml·kg−1·min−1 with plasma samples taken before and at three 40-min intervals during infusion for measurement of AVP and osmolality. Urine output and water intake were ∼20% greater in PE-exposed rats than in rats with no PE exposure, and female rats had a greater water intake than males. The relationship between plasma osmolality and AVP in PE-exposed rats was parallel to, but shifted to the right of, the control rats, indicating an increase in osmotic threshold for AVP release. Pituitary AVP was reduced by 13% and hypothalamic AVP mRNA content was reduced by 35% in PE-exposed rats. Our data suggest that PE exposure can cause a permanent condition of a mild partial central diabetes insipidus.

Estrogen influences stimulated water intake by ovariectomized female rats

2003 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric G Krause ◽  
Kathleen S Curtis ◽  
Linda M Davis ◽  
Jennifer R Stowe ◽  
Robert J Contreras
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Female Rats

Angiotensin-(1-7) serves as an aquaretic by increasing water intake and diuresis in association with downregulation of aquaporin-1 during pregnancy in rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (3) ◽  
pp. R1073-R1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Joyner ◽  
L. A. A. Neves ◽  
K. Stovall ◽  
C. M. Ferrario ◽  
K. B. Brosnihan
Keyword(s):  
Water Intake ◽  
Urine Volume ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Urinary Osmolality ◽  
Aquaporin 1 ◽  
Aqp1 Expression ◽  
The Difference

We previously demonstrated that kidney and urine levels of angiotensin-(1-7) [ANG-(1-7)] were increased in pregnancy. To explore the role of ANG-(1-7) on fluid and electrolyte homeostasis during pregnancy, we evaluated the effect of the ANG-(1-7) antagonist d-alanine-[ANG-(1-7)] (A-779) on kidney function. Virgin and pregnant rats received infusion of vehicle or A-779 (48 μg·kg−1·h−1) for 8 days by osmotic minipumps. Metabolic studies were done on treatment day 7–8. Virgin and pregnant rats at day 15 and 19 were killed, and blood and kidneys were collected. Kidneys were prepared for Western blot analysis for aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and aquaporin-2. In virgin female rats, A-779 increased urine volume and decreased urinary osmolality and AQP1 with no change in water intake. In 19-day pregnant rats, A-779 significantly decreased water intake and urine volume and increased urinary osmolality and kidney AQP1 expression. Only in late gestation did A-779 treatment decrease the difference between intake and output (balance). A-779 treatment increased plasma vasopressin in late gestation but did not change vasopressin in virgins. In virgin and pregnant animals, A-779 administration had no effect on blood pressure, plasma volume, blood volume, or urinary electrolytes. These results suggest that ANG-(1-7) produces antidiuresis associated with upregulation of AQP1 in virgin rats, whereas ANG-(1-7) produces diuresis in late gestation with downregulation of AQP1. ANG-(1-7) contributes to the enhanced water intake during pregnancy, allowing maintenance of the normal volume-expanded state despite diuresis produced in part by decreased AVP and AQP1.

EFFECTS OF ADRENALECTOMY AND HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON WATER AND ELECTROLYTE METABOLISM IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS WITH INHERITED HYPOTHALAMIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS (BRATTLEBORO STRAIN)

1976 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. BALMENT ◽  
I. CHESTER JONES ◽  
I. W. HENDERSON ◽  
J. ANN OLIVER
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Urine Output ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Plasma Osmolarity ◽  
Electrolyte Metabolism ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Solute Excretion

SUMMARY Observations on water and electrolyte metabolism after hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy, in male and female rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (Brattleboro strain) are confirmed and extended. The diabetic (homozygous, DI) state relative to the non-diabetic (heterozygous, non-DI) state was characterized by (1) water intake of 55–120% body weight; (2) copious urine hypo-osmotic to plasma; (3) greater excretory rates of total solute, Na, Ca and Mg; (4) similar plasma composition except that in male DI rats, K concentration was less, and in female DI rats osmolarity was higher; (5) glomerular filtration rates (GFR) were similar with close correlations between: food and water intakes, water intake and output, urinary Na and K, Na and CI, K and Cl, and Ca and Mg; (6) both female DI and non-DI rats had lower urinary Na: K ratios and lower plasma Na concentrations than males; (7) female DI rats excreted relatively larger amounts of K and Cl, and had higher plasma Ca concentrations than other groups. Hypophysectomized DI rats had decreased water intake and urine output, decreased solute excretion, decreased loss of osmotically free water, lower excretory rates of Na, K and Cl, and increased urinary osmolarity and K concentrations. Hypophysectomized non-DI rats had increased urinary excretory rates, decreased solute excretion (by 60–70%), decreased osmotically free water absorption, decreased urinary osmolarity, Na and K concentrations, and increased excretory rates of Ca and Mg. Hypophysectomized DI and non-DI rats had increased plasma osmolarity and Na concentration. Plasma renin activities (PRA) were higher in DI than in non-DI rats with female values lower than those of males; values for both sexes of DI and non-DI rats were reduced after hypophysectomy. Adrenalectomized DI rats had about a 50% reduction in water intake, urine output and free water clearance, increased urinary concentration of electrolytes and total solute by day 4 after operation; their Na balance (dietary:urine) did not change significantly in contrast to adrenalectomized non-DI rats in which a greater percentage of dietary Na appeared in the urine. GFR was similarly reduced in adrenalectomized DI and non-DI rats. Plasma osmolarity increased in adrenalectomized male DI, decreased in female DI and non-DI, and did not change in male non-DI rats. Plasma K concentrations increased after adrenalectomy in all groups, only non-DI rats had a significantly decreased plasma Na concentration. There was no sex difference in pituitary oxytocic activity but it was consistently reduced in DI rats; there was little change after adrenalectomy in male DI and non-DI rats; but there was an increase in DI and non-DI females. Pituitaries of DI rats had no measurable ADH activity (except the inherent activity of oxytocin). Pituitary ADH values for male and female non-DI rats were similar and were unaffected by adrenalectomy.

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