Chromosome Painting in Callicebus nigrifrons Provides Insights into the Genome Evolution of Titi Monkeys and the Ancestral Callicebinae Karyotype

We studied the chromosomes of Callicebus nigrifrons with conventional and molecular cytogenetic methods. Our chromosome painting analysis in C. nigrifrons together with previous reports allowed us to hypothesize an ancestral Callicebinae karyotype with 2n = 48. The associations of human chromosomes (HSA) 2/22, 7/15, 10/11, and the inverted HSA2/16 would link Callicebus, Cheracebus, and Plecturocebus and would thus be present in the ancestral Callicebinae karyotype. Four fusions (HSA1b/1c, 3c/8b, 13/20, and 14/15/3/21) and 1 fission (HSA2/22) are synapomorphies of Callicebus. The associations HSA3/15 and HSA3/9 are chromosome features linking Callicebus and Cheracebus, whereas the association HSA13/17 would represent a link between Callicebus and the moloch group (Plecturocebus). Only 6 of the 33 recognized titi monkey species have now been painted with human chromosome-specific probes. Further analyses are needed to clarify the phylogenomic relationships in this species-rich group.

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Analysis of multiple chromosomal rearrangements in the genome of Willisornis vidua using BAC-FISH and chromosome painting on a supposed conserved karyotype

BMC Ecology and Evolution ◽

10.1186/s12862-021-01768-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Talita Fernanda Augusto Ribas ◽

Julio Cesar Pieczarka ◽

Darren K. Griffin ◽

Lucas G. Kiazim ◽

Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Painting ◽

Diploid Number ◽

Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽

Large Degree ◽

Artificial Chromosome ◽

Gallus Gallus ◽

Phylogeographic Structure ◽

Molecular Cytogenetic ◽

Burhinus Oedicnemus ◽

Intrachromosomal Rearrangements

Abstract Background Thamnophilidae birds are the result of a monophyletic radiation of insectivorous Passeriformes. They are a diverse group of 225 species and 45 genera and occur in lowlands and lower montane forests of Neotropics. Despite the large degree of diversity seen in this family, just four species of Thamnophilidae have been karyotyped with a diploid number ranging from 76 to 82 chromosomes. The karyotypic relationships within and between Thamnophilidae and another Passeriformes therefore remain poorly understood. Recent studies have identified the occurrence of intrachromosomal rearrangements in Passeriformes using in silico data and molecular cytogenetic tools. These results demonstrate that intrachromosomal rearrangements are more common in birds than previously thought and are likely to contribute to speciation events. With this in mind, we investigate the apparently conserved karyotype of Willisornis vidua, the Xingu Scale-backed Antbird, using a combination of molecular cytogenetic techniques including chromosome painting with probes derived from Gallus gallus (chicken) and Burhinus oedicnemus (stone curlew), combined with Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) probes derived from the same species. The goal was to investigate the occurrence of rearrangements in an apparently conserved karyotype in order to understand the evolutionary history and taxonomy of this species. In total, 78 BAC probes from the Gallus gallus and Taeniopygia guttata (the Zebra Finch) BAC libraries were tested, of which 40 were derived from Gallus gallus macrochromosomes 1–8, and 38 from microchromosomes 9–28. Results The karyotype is similar to typical Passeriformes karyotypes, with a diploid number of 2n = 80. Our chromosome painting results show that most of the Gallus gallus chromosomes are conserved, except GGA-1, 2 and 4, with some rearrangements identified among macro- and microchromosomes. BAC mapping revealed many intrachromosomal rearrangements, mainly inversions, when comparing Willisornis vidua karyotype with Gallus gallus, and corroborates the fissions revealed by chromosome painting. Conclusions Willisornis vidua presents multiple chromosomal rearrangements despite having a supposed conservative karyotype, demonstrating that our approach using a combination of FISH tools provides a higher resolution than previously obtained by chromosome painting alone. We also show that populations of Willisornis vidua appear conserved from a cytogenetic perspective, despite significant phylogeographic structure.

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The use of disturbed and undisturbed forest by masked titi monkeys Callicebus personatus melanochir is proportional to food availability

Oryx ◽

10.1017/s0030605302000200 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 133-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Stefanie Heiduck

Keyword(s):

Home Range ◽

Atlantic Rainforest ◽

Forest Types ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Titi Monkey ◽

Eastern Brazil ◽

Titi Monkeys ◽

Undisturbed Forest ◽

Disturbed Forest ◽

One Year

The masked titi Callicebus personatus melanochir is a threatened primate, endemic to the Atlantic rainforest of eastern Brazil. The Atlantic rainforest has been reduced to only 5% of its former extent, and only 2% consists of undisturbed forest. The survival of the masked titi monkey is therefore dependent on its ability to utilise disturbed forest habitat. A group of four masked titi monkeys was observed for one year in a plot that contained both disturbed and undisturbed forest. The group used a home range of 22 ha, which comprised 58% undisturbed forest, 31% selectively logged forest and 11% forest that was regrowing after a clear-cut. The titi monkeys did not use the different forest types in proportion to the availability of each within their home range: undisturbed forest was used more than expected from its proportional availability, and disturbed forest was used less than expected. Use of forest types appeared to be determined by the availability of food resources. Undisturbed forest had the most food per unit area and regrowing forest had the least. This study shows that masked titi monkeys may be able to survive in disturbed forest habitats if these areas are of high enough quality to contain sufficient food and other resources.

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The analysis of malignancy by cell fusion. VIII. Evidence for the intervention of an extra-chromosomal element

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.24.1.255 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 255-263

Author(s):

J. Jonasson ◽

H. Harris

Keyword(s):

Human Chromosome ◽

Gamma Radiation ◽

Cell Fusion ◽

Human Fibroblasts ◽

Melanoma Cells ◽

Human Chromosomes ◽

Mouse Melanoma ◽

Human Diploid Cells ◽

Diploid Cells ◽

Hybrid Clones

Diploid human fibroblasts and lymphocytes were fused with the cells of a malignant mouse melanoma and a range of hybrid clones selected for study. The ability of these clones to produce progressive tumours was assayed in nude mice. Although human chromosomes were preferentially eliminated in all the hybrid clones, the human diploid cells were as effective as mouse diploid cells in suppressing the malignancy of the mouse melanoma cells. The suppression produced by fibroblasts was again more profound than that produced by lymphocytes. Malignancy was also found to be suppressed in a hybrid clone in which a single X was the only human chromosome present; and this clone continued to give a very low take incidence even after the human X had been eliminated by back selection. Hybrids were made between the melanoma cells and diploid human fibroblasts that had been given 100 J kg-1 of gamma radiation before cell fusion. These hybrids contained no recognizable human chromosomes, but their ability to produce progressive tumours was greatly reduced compared to that of the melanoma parent cells. The take incidences given by the crosses between the melanoma cells and the irradiated human fibroblasts were, however, substantially higher than those given by the crosses between the melanoma cells and unirradiated fibroblasts. These findings suggest that the suppression of malignancy involves the activity of some extra-chromosomal element and that this element is radio-sensitive.

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Molecular Cytogenetic Analysis of Karyotype and Y Chromosome Conservation in Species of the Genus Talpa (Insectivora)

Cytogenetic and Genome Research ◽

10.1159/000507836 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 160 (5) ◽

pp. 264-271

Author(s):

Juana Gutierrez ◽

Gael Aleix-Mata ◽

Juan A. Marchal ◽

María Arroyo ◽

Riccardo Castiglia ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sequence Analysis ◽

Y Chromosome ◽

Repetitive Dna ◽

Dna Sequences ◽

Chromosome Painting ◽

Chromosomal Mapping ◽

Repeated Dna ◽

Molecular Cytogenetic ◽

Y Chromosomes ◽

Cytogenetic Analyses

The Talpidae family has a highly stable karyotype. Most of the chromosome studies in this mammal group, however, employed classical cytogenetic techniques. Molecular cytogenetic analyses are still scarce and, for example, no repeated DNA sequences have been described to date. In this work, we used sequence analysis, chromosomal mapping of a LINE1 retroelement sequence, as well as chromosome painting with a whole Y chromosome probe of T. occidentalis to compare the karyotypes of 3 species of the genus Talpa (T. occidentalis, T. romana, and T. aquitania). Our results demonstrate that in Talpa genomes LINE1 sequences are widely distributed on all chromosomes but are enriched in pericentromeric C-band-positive regions. In addition, these LINE1 accumulate on the Y chromosomes of the 3 Talpa species regardless of their euchromatic or heterochromatic condition. Chromosome painting shows that the Y chromosomes in these 3 species are highly conserved. Interestingly, they share sequences with heterochromatic blocks on chromosome pairs 14 and 16 and, to a lesser degree, with the pericentromeric regions of other autosomes. Together, our analyses demonstrate that the repetitive DNA content of chromosomes from Talpa species is highly conserved.

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ABL1 gene involvement within a complex three-way translocation (2;9;4) in perineurioma characterized by molecular cytogenetic methods

Cancer Genetics ◽

10.1016/j.cancergen.2014.05.012 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 207 (6) ◽

pp. 263-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Deiter J. Duff ◽

Miguel A. Guzman ◽

Jacqueline R. Batanian

Keyword(s):

Molecular Cytogenetic ◽

Cytogenetic Methods

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The 13q and 11q B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Deleted Regions Derive from a Common Ancestral Region in the Zebrafish on Linkage Group 9.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v108.11.295.295 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 108 (11) ◽

pp. 295-295

Author(s):

Rebecca L. Auer ◽

Sophia Riaz ◽

Finbarr E. Cotter

Keyword(s):

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽

Linkage Group ◽

Human Chromosome ◽

B Cell ◽

Critical Region ◽

Tumor Suppressor Genes ◽

Zebrafish Genome ◽

Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽

Human Chromosomes ◽

Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

Abstract Loss of the long arm of chromosomes 11 and 13 are the most consistent cytogenetic abnormalities for patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). They suggest the presence of as yet unidentified tumor suppressor genes within well defined minimal deleted regions (MDRs). The use of small vertebrate organisms, such as the zebrafish, as models of diseases associated with chromosomal deletions enables the functional analysis of potential causative genes. Hemopoiesis is well conserved between the zebrafish and human and conserved synteny exists between the two genomes. In this study, the evolutionary conservation between the zebrafish and human genome is investigated for the 13q14 and 11q22-23 regions deleted in B-CLL. Zebrafish orthologs have been identified and radiation hybrid (RH) mapping performed to confirm their chromosomal location and define regions of conserved synteny.We have identified 38 zebrafish orthologs of the human genes in the MDRs in zebrafish cDNA and the syntenic regions for the human deletions in the zebrafish genome. The 13q14 region was syntenic with two main regions in the zebrafish genome, namely linkage group 1 (LG1) and LG9. The majority of zebrafish orthologs to 11q22-23 were found on LG5, LG15 and LG21. One syntenic region, LG9, in the zebrafish genome is of potential interest. Analysis of the smallest critical region of deletion in B-CLL for both 11q22-23 and 13q14 reveals that the human gene equivalents are contained within an area of 22.02 cR on LG9 (approximately 3260 kb). Within LG9, orthologs to two genes to human chromosome 11, three to human chromosome 13 and two chromosome 13 microRNAs (mir-15a and mir-16-1) were identified. The critical region on zebrafish LG9 maps to the MDR for both human chromosomes, suggesting a common ancestry for the B-CLL tumor suppressor genes. This is further supported by analysis of the chicken genome where the same 5 genes from 13q14 and 11q22-23 (C13orf1, RFP2, FLJ11712, FDX1, ARHGAP20) lie within a 10.04 Mb region on chromosome 1. In addition, TILLING for knock-outs of genes in this region of zebrafish embryos will allow analysis of their in vivo potential for lymphoproliferation and may define prime causative genes for B-CLL within human chromosomes 11q and 13q by reverse genetics. Our study provides an explanation for involvement of both 11q and 13q in B-CLL and the potential to develop animal models for this common lymphoproliferative disorder.

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