Changes in the Agglutinability of Red Cells and the Inhibition of Specific Agglutination by Plasma from Human Blood Taken into ACD and Stored at 4 °C

Vox Sanguinis ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-199
Author(s):  
G.H. Longster ◽  
L.A. Tovey ◽  
Yvonne Barnes ◽  
M.G. Rumsby
Keyword(s):  
Blood ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1016-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIC PONDER ◽  
DELIA BARRETO

Abstract (1) When human red cells are hemolyzed in very hypotonic media (NaCl of a tonicity of 0.167) and when the tonicity is restored, by adding appropriate amounts of NaCl, to tonicities such as 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.7, the mean volume of the ghosts appears to be linear with the reciprocal of the tonicity. This might lead one to conclude that the ghosts are osmometers and that their volume is governed by simple osmotic considerations such as those expressed by a modified van’t Hoff-Mariotte law. Examination of the shapes and volumes of individual ghosts by a technic which combines phase optics, electronic flash (exposure time 0.001 second) and photography shows that three distinct populations of ghost coexist in any tonicity. These are spherical ghosts with a mean volume of 150 µ3, discoidal biconcave ghosts with a mean volume of 85 µ3, and crenated ghosts with a smaller volume which can be calculated. The most likely reason for this complexity is that the shape and volume of the ghost depends partly on its structure, and not altogether on the tonicity of the surrounding medium. Simple osmotic laws have no real application to systems of this kind. (2) The changes in ghost volume and shape, as they depend on the duration of storage of the blood, at 4 C, from which the ghosts are prepared, and as they reflect changes in ghost structure, can be expressed simply. Crenated and discoidal ghosts certainly have some of the elements of red cell structure; the spherical ghost, which soon fragments and gives rise to myelin forms, may also retain some of the original elements of structure, but the fragment and the myelin form have certainly lost them. The latter objects are so small and light that they are not thrown down into the ghost column in the hematocrit tube, and so, as ghost structure disappears with increasing time of storage of the red cells from which they are prepared, a discrepancy appears between the volume of the ghost column as measured by the hematocrit and the volume which one would expect. This discrepancy can be used as a measure of the extent to which ghost structure is lost, and there comes a time, as the duration of red cell storage is increased, when the ghosts prepared from these red cells begin to be replaced by breakdown products such as myelin forms, etc. (3) The less the efficiency of the conditions of red cell preservation, the shorter is this time. In human blood rendered incoagulable with heparin, structural breakdown in the preceding sense and measured by a simple expression which changes sign when the loss of structure has reached a certain point, occurs after about 26 days. In human blood preserved in ACD, structural breakdown measured in an identical manner occurs after about 55 to 60 days. In human blood preserved in ACD-inosine, structural breakdown does not occur until about 75 to 80 days. These results are based on a large amount of preliminary work of an exploratory nature and then on three runs with heparin, five runs with ACD and five runs with ACD-Inosine.


1978 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Pasvol ◽  
R.J.M. Wilson ◽  
M.E. Smalley ◽  
J. Brown
Keyword(s):  

1911 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Zinsser ◽  
W. C. Johnson

The work recorded above has served to corroborate the observations of other writers, notably of Noguchi, that in many human sera, if not in all, there develop, on standing, anticomplementary bodies which are delicately thermolabile, being inactivated by heating to 56° C. for fifteen to twenty minutes. It has appeared that these bodies may occasionally be present in sera which, after heating, may develop the thermostable anticomplementary body referred to by other authors. It has become evident also that the speed of development of the thermolabile anticomplementary body in different sera is subject to much variation. The thermolabile body appears as the complement disappears. The question arises whether the thermolabile anticomplementary body may not be originally present in the serum, temporarily masked by the native complement. This would seem improbable from the fact that titration has shown that 0.1 and 0.2 cubic centimeter of the inhibiting serum will often inhibit as much as 0.6 cubic centimeter of fresh guinea-pig complement, a quantity superior to the amount of complement present originally in the antihemolytic serum. It seems, therefore, that the anticomplementary body must actually be formed in the serum during the period of preservation. The thermolabile antihemolytic body studied by us is like the thermostabile body investigated by Noguchi, in that it inhibits alien as well as homologous complement; it is unlike the thermostabile body, however, in that it cannot be absorbed from serum by digestion with red cells, nor does it render the treated cells more resistant to hemolysis. The thermolabile body may be removed from inhibiting sera by precipitating the globulins. A solution of the glotmiins then manifests a thermolabile anticomplementary action. No relationship between a clinical condition and the appearance of these bodies in the sera, has been found. As a practical result these studies have shown, as have those of Noguchi, that the complement fixation tests should never be made with certain sera which have been preserved for some time without inactivation.


Nature ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 192 (4802) ◽  
pp. 531-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. GAARDER ◽  
J. JONSEN ◽  
S. LALAND ◽  
A. HELLEM ◽  
P. A. OWREN

On July 31, 1908, my preliminary communication on this subject was received by the Royal Society and was read on November 12, 1908. In this report attention was drawn to certain phenomena occurring when normal and immune human serum was allowed to act in the presence of normal and immune human blood cells. The whole of the investigations were carried out with human blood obtained from various infective and non-infective diseases in man. The technique adopted in all experiments was referred to in detail, and will not be described in the present communication. The most important results were obtained in the examination of the agglutinative properties of the blood when an interaction took place between serum and red cells. It was shown that auto-agglutination was a rare phenomenon, but iso-agglutination was common. In some instances hæm-agglutinated red cells were altered in shape and size, especially when the clumps were exceptionally large. Attention was drawn to the distinction between agglutination of red blood corpuscles and agglutination of rouleaux. Saturation experiments were performed, and the specificity of the various reactions was demonstrated. Immune serum from cases of infection with the bacillus typhosus was rendered specifically inactive by saturation with suitable red cells, although the bacterial agglutinins remained.


Blood ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 688-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERNEST BEUTLER ◽  
MARYELLEN C. BALUDA

Abstract A simplified method is described for the determination of red cell ATP using the firefly lantern extract method. Variables investigated include the effect of the time of reading, dilution of firefly extract and the effective range of the method. Excellent recoveries were obtained. Optimal extraction of ATP from red cells was achieved with a hypotonic buffer at pH 9.2. The method could be used with acid-citrate-dextrose, heparin or EDTA as an anticoagulant. The method was found to be highly specific when the nucleotides found in normal human blood were investigated; only adenosine diphosphate and guanosine triphosphate gave slight readings, neither of which would significantly affect ATP determinations of human blood. Normal human values were found to be 5.45 µmoles of ATP/Gm. of hemoglobin or 1.83 µmoles/ml. red cells in heparinized blood samples. This method is believed to be more rapid, more reproducible and more accurate than any previously described method of ATP determination.


2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Azmi Khulmala Devi ◽  
Teguh - Herlambang

Human blood is liquid in human body, which functions to transport oxigen needed by cells to the whole body. Considering the important blood function, the Indonesian Red Cross (PMI) has to maintain its blood stock stability to ensure the blood availibility. But the problem that PMI has to encounter with is its blood over-supply which leads to blood disposal. To minimize its unnessary blood disposal, estimation of blood need is required. Data of blood demand is normalized first, then estimation is made using Neural Network Backpropagation. In this study the estimation is made to the blood type of Packet Red Cells (PRC), the blood cells stocked at PMI Kota Surabaya. The best simulation result is at epoch 3000 with function Y = 4542,33 – 1,64595 x – 0,244018 x^2 and an error of  0,020314.


1926 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 839-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A. Doan ◽  
Florence R. Sabin

1. There is constantly some breaking down of red cells in the circulation by fragmentation. 2. The fragments of red cells, as well as whole red cells, are phagocytized and destroyed by clasmatocytes or endothelial phagocytes. 3. When there is an increase in fragmentation in abnormal or pathological states, desquamated endothelial cells of the blood stream, as well as the clasmatocytes of the tissues, increase proportionately and take in these fragments. These cells are to be distinguished from eosinophilic leucocytes by the nature of their granules, by the type of motility of the cells, and by a negative peroxidase test. 4. The desquamated endothelial cells, clasmatocytes, in the circulating blood are positive to the peroxidase test only when they have taken in positive material. 5. The monocytes show marked variations of the oxidase reaction in different species and to different techniques. With the Sato and Sekiya technique most monocytes of human blood are positive, while most of them in rabbit blood are negative, but both positive and negative reactions are found in both human and rabbit blood.


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