Extinction risk or lack of sampling in a threatened species: Genetic structure and environmental suitability of the neotropical frog Pristimantis penelopus (Anura: Craugastoridae)

IUCN Red Lists have been a valuable tool to prioritize conservation plans in endemic neotropical frogs. However, many areas in this region are poorly known in terms of their diversity and endemism. Based on examined museum specimens of the threatened species Pristimantis penelopus we revised its geographic distribution and determined the habitat suitability using niche modeling techniques. Using a mitochondrial fragment of COI gene, we determine the phylogenetic position and the extent of the genetic variation across its distribution in Colombia. We present the first records of P. penelopus for the Cordillera Oriental, the western versant of Cordillera Occidental and the northern portion of the Cauca river basin. Based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis, Pristimantis penelopus belongs to the P. ridens series sensu Padial et al. (2014). The mean of intraspecific genetic variation is 2.1% and the variation among population ranges between 2.3 and 3.5%. The genetic distance between the western populations and the Magdalena Valley populations suggests a potential phylogeographic break in northwestern Antioquia. We expand the realized distribution by 258 kilometers north, 200 km east and 223 km northwest. Based on our results and according to the IUCN criteria we propose a new category for the species and highlight the need to increase the surveys in poorly known regions to better understand the geographic distribution and conservation status of listed species.

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Fisheries, life-history and conservation status of the catfish pirá Conorhynchos conirostris (Ostariophysi: Siluriformes) in Brazil

Neotropical Ichthyology ◽

10.1590/1982-0224-20170131 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alexandre Lima Godinho ◽

Hugo Pereira Godinho

Keyword(s):

Life History ◽

20Th Century ◽

Geographic Distribution ◽

Threatened Species ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

The State ◽

Fishery Resource ◽

Red Lists ◽

Iucn Criteria

ABSTRACT Pirá, Conorhynchos conirostris (Valenciennes, 1840), a large migratory catfish endemic to the São Francisco River (SFR), is listed as threatened in the red lists of both Brazil and the state of Minas Gerais. Although fishing for pirá has been prohibited, it is still an important fishery resource, particularly in the middle SFR. We used historical and current occurrence and abundance data regarding pirá to determine if it meets the IUCN criteria of a threatened species. Pirá occurs in the main course of the SFR as well as in its major tributaries. Unlike the most well-known migratory fishes of the SFR, pirá does not use floodplain lakes as nurseries. In the first half of the 20th century, pirá occurred from the upper to the lower SFR. Currently, it is most abundant in the middle SFR, and is rare in the upper SFR and even rarer in the sub-middle SFR. Pirá has not been captured in the lower SFR since around the mid-1980’s. Despite the reduction in its geographic distribution, we did not find evidence to justify considering pirá as threatened. Thus, we recommend that it be removed from the red lists of Brazil and the state of Minas Gerais.

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Conservation of terrestrial invertebrates: a review of IUCN and regional Red Lists for Myriapoda

ZooKeys ◽

10.3897/zookeys.930.48943 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 930 ◽

pp. 221-229

Author(s):

Manoela Karam-Gemael ◽

Peter Decker ◽

Pavel Stoev ◽

Marinez I. Marques ◽

Amazonas Chagas Jr

Keyword(s):

Threatened Species ◽

Extinction Risk ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Iucn Red List ◽

Red List ◽

Current Conservation ◽

Terrestrial Invertebrates ◽

Red Lists ◽

Limit Protection ◽

Regional Red Lists

Red Listing of Threatened species is recognized as the most objective approach for evaluating extinction risk of living organisms which can be applied at global or national scales. Invertebrates account for nearly 97% of all animals on the planet but are insufficiently represented in the IUCN Red Lists at both scales. To analyze the occurrence of species present in regional Red Lists, accounts of 48 different countries and regions all over the world were consulted and all data about myriapods (Myriapoda) ever assessed in Red Lists at any level assembled. Myriapod species assessments were found in eleven regional Red Lists; however, no overlap between the species included in the global IUCN Red List and the regional ones was established. This means that myriapod species considered threatened at regional level may not be eligible for international funding specific for protection of native threatened species (more than US$ 25 million were available in the last decade) as most financial instruments tend to support only threatened species included in the IUCN Red List. As the lack of financial resources may limit protection for species in risk of extinction, it is urgent to increase the possibilities of getting financial support for implementation of measures for their protection. A Red List of all Myriapoda species recorded in Red Lists at national or local (596) and global (210) scales totaling 806 species is presented. This list shows for the first time an overview of the current conservation status of Myriapoda species. Here, the urgent need of establishing a Myriapoda Specialist Group in the Species Survival Commission of IUCN is also stressed.

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New records and geographic distribution of Glaziophyton mirabile (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)

Check List ◽

10.15560/8.6.1296 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 1296 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Eduardo P. Fernandez ◽

Miguel Avila Moraes ◽

Gustavo Martinelli

Keyword(s):

Geographic Distribution ◽

Threatened Species ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

New Records ◽

Extinction Risk ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Species Conservation ◽

The State ◽

Geographical Range ◽

Campos De Altitude

Glaziophyton Franch. is a monotypic bamboo genus (G. mirabile Franch.), narrowly endemic to the Campos de Altitude in the state of Rio de Janeiro, southeast Brazil. Five occurrence sites are known, but one is considered locally extinct and, at two sites, the species has not been recollected for several years. Due to its restricted geographical range G. mirabile is classified as a threatened species. In this study we report two new populations. These new records might change the species conservation status and the category of its extinction risk.

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Global extinction risk for seahorses, pipefishes and their near relatives (Syngnathiformes)

Oryx ◽

10.1017/s0030605320000782 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Riley A. Pollom ◽

Gina M. Ralph ◽

Caroline M. Pollock ◽

Amanda C.J. Vincent

Keyword(s):

Threatened Species ◽

Habitat Degradation ◽

Extinction Risk ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Field Research ◽

Selective Extraction ◽

Iucn Red List ◽

Point Estimate ◽

Conservation Action ◽

Data Deficient

Abstract Few marine taxa have been comprehensively assessed for their conservation status, despite heavy pressures from fishing, habitat degradation and climate change. Here we report on the first global assessment of extinction risk for 300 species of syngnathiform fishes known as of 2017, using the IUCN Red List criteria. This order of bony teleosts is dominated by seahorses, pipefishes and seadragons (family Syngnathidae). It also includes trumpetfishes (Aulostomidae), shrimpfishes (Centriscidae), cornetfishes (Fistulariidae) and ghost pipefishes (Solenostomidae). At least 6% are threatened, but data suggest a mid-point estimate of 7.9% and an upper bound of 38%. Most of the threatened species are seahorses (Hippocampus spp.: 14/42 species, with an additional 17 that are Data Deficient) or freshwater pipefishes of the genus Microphis (2/18 species, with seven additional that are Data Deficient). Two species are Near Threatened. Nearly one-third of syngnathiformes (97 species) are Data Deficient and could potentially be threatened, requiring further field research and evaluation. Most species (61%) were, however, evaluated as Least Concern. Primary threats to syngnathids are (1) overexploitation, primarily by non-selective fisheries, for which most assessments were determined by criterion A (Hippocampus) and/or (2) habitat loss and degradation, for which assessments were determined by criterion B (Microphis and some Hippocampus). Threatened species occurred in most regions but more are found in East and South-east Asia and in South African estuaries. Vital conservation action for syngnathids, including constraining fisheries, particularly non-selective extraction, and habitat protection and rehabilitation, will benefit many other aquatic species.

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Conservation Status of Marine Biodiversity in Oceania: An Analysis of Marine Species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

Journal of Marine Biology ◽

10.1155/2011/247030 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Beth A. Polidoro ◽

Cristiane T. Elfes ◽

Jonnell C. Sanciangco ◽

Helen Pippard ◽

Kent E. Carpenter

Keyword(s):

Threatened Species ◽

Environmental Changes ◽

Extinction Risk ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Marine Species ◽

Iucn Red List ◽

Red List ◽

Marine Biodiversity ◽

Conservation Priorities ◽

Conservation Action

Given the economic and cultural dependence on the marine environment in Oceania and a rapidly expanding human population, many marine species populations are in decline and may be vulnerable to extinction from a number of local and regional threats. IUCN Red List assessments, a widely used system for quantifying threats to species and assessing species extinction risk, have been completed for 1190 marine species in Oceania to date, including all known species of corals, mangroves, seagrasses, sea snakes, marine mammals, sea birds, sea turtles, sharks, and rays present in Oceania, plus all species in five important perciform fish groups. Many of the species in these groups are threatened by the modification or destruction of coastal habitats, overfishing from direct or indirect exploitation, pollution, and other ecological or environmental changes associated with climate change. Spatial analyses of threatened species highlight priority areas for both site- and species-specific conservation action. Although increased knowledge and use of newly available IUCN Red List assessments for marine species can greatly improve conservation priorities for marine species in Oceania, many important fish groups are still in urgent need of assessment.

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Redescription of Hyphessobrycon flammeusMyers, 1924 (Ostariophysi: Characidae), a threatened species from Brazil

Neotropical Ichthyology ◽

10.1590/1982-0224-20130197 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 247-256 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Fernando R. Carvalho ◽

Guilherme C. de Jesus ◽

Francisco Langeani

Keyword(s):

Sexual Dimorphism ◽

Threatened Species ◽

Conservation Status ◽

The Body ◽

Phylogenetic Position ◽

Caudal Peduncle ◽

Caudal Fin ◽

Diagnostic Characters ◽

Dark Stripe ◽

Parana Basin

One of the most gorgeous colored and endangered Hyphessobryconspecies, H. flammeus Myers, is redescribed. Diagnostic characters of the species are two vertically elongated humeral spots, no caudal peduncle blotch, 5-8 maxillary teeth, caudal fin hyaline, and longitudinal dark stripe of the body absent. Sexual dimorphism is present, with males being more colored than females and having bony hooks in the anal and pelvic fins, which are dark in their terminal portions. Comments about its occurrence in the upper rio Tietê drainage (upper rio Paraná basin), its conservation status, and the phylogenetic position into Characidae context are also presented.

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Multiple drivers of decline in the global status of freshwater crayfish (Decapoda: Astacidea)

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2014.0060 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 370 (1662) ◽

pp. 20140060 ◽

Cited By ~ 109

Author(s):

Nadia I. Richman ◽

Monika Böhm ◽

Susan B. Adams ◽

Fernando Alvarez ◽

Elizabeth A. Bergey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Threatened Species ◽

Extinction Risk ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Biodiversity Loss ◽

Freshwater Ecosystems ◽

Freshwater Crayfish ◽

Freshwater Biodiversity ◽

Face Threats ◽

Global Status ◽

Alternative Means

Rates of biodiversity loss are higher in freshwater ecosystems than in most terrestrial or marine ecosystems, making freshwater conservation a priority. However, prioritization methods are impeded by insufficient knowledge on the distribution and conservation status of freshwater taxa, particularly invertebrates. We evaluated the extinction risk of the world's 590 freshwater crayfish species using the IUCN Categories and Criteria and found 32% of all species are threatened with extinction. The level of extinction risk differed between families, with proportionally more threatened species in the Parastacidae and Astacidae than in the Cambaridae. Four described species were Extinct and 21% were assessed as Data Deficient. There was geographical variation in the dominant threats affecting the main centres of crayfish diversity. The majority of threatened US and Mexican species face threats associated with urban development, pollution, damming and water management. Conversely, the majority of Australian threatened species are affected by climate change, harvesting, agriculture and invasive species. Only a small proportion of crayfish are found within the boundaries of protected areas, suggesting that alternative means of long-term protection will be required. Our study highlights many of the significant challenges yet to come for freshwater biodiversity unless conservation planning shifts from a reactive to proactive approach.

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Local and expert knowledge improve conservation assessment of rare and iconic Fijian tree species

Pacific Conservation Biology ◽

10.1071/pc14920 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 214 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gunnar Keppel ◽

Alifereti Naikatini ◽

Isaac A. Rounds ◽

Robert L. Pressey ◽

Nunia T. Thomas

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Threatened Species ◽

Expert Knowledge ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Iucn Red List ◽

Conservation Assessment ◽

Red Lists ◽

Species Lists ◽

Conservation Threats

In many developing countries, threatened species lists are unavailable and IUCN Red Lists are very incomplete. Because limited resources are available for conservation in developing countries, detailed field assessments and scientific study of threatened species are often not feasible. However, considerable knowledge about biodiversity exists among experts and local land users. We used questionnaires as part of field surveys to compile information about the abundance, conservation threats, distribution, and ecology of populations of four threatened and iconic target species in Fiji (Acmopyle sahniana, Dacrydium nausoriense, Podocarpus affinis [all Podocarpaceae], and Cynometra falcata [Leguminosae]). These questionnaires were completed in the field for all known populations by an assessor, compiling field observations and measurements with information from local land users and local and outside experts. For the four species in this study, the questionnaires improved estimates of population size, identified previously unknown populations, provided estimates of regeneration, and identified key conservation threats. Species of highly fragmented remnants in drier climates were less protected than those in more contiguous forests of moist climates. The methods employed provided rapid, cost-effective information that can be used to revise IUCN Red List and conservation status assessments and are applicable to other Pacific Island and developing countries.

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A National assessment of aichi biodiversity target 12 – an international conservation initiative

MOJ Ecology & Environmental Sciences ◽

10.15406/mojes.2019.04.00157 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Kirandeep K Dhami

Keyword(s):

Threatened Species ◽

Biological Diversity ◽

Extinction Risk ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Population Decline ◽

National Assessment ◽

The Status ◽

Aichi Biodiversity Targets ◽

Conservation Plans ◽

Taking Action

The Aichi Biodiversity targets are a set of twenty targets for the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) that were developed with the intention to help each participating country to measure the progress made in preventing the loss of biological diversity. These targets provide a 10-year period for taking action by the countries. These targets setup in 2010 are expected to be achieved within 2020 by all the 193 countries signatory to CBD. Aichi Biodiversity Target 12 is considered to be one of the most important targets, which is directly or indirectly linked to all of the other 19 CBD Targets. Aichi-12 sets up the goal for each country to prevent the extinction of known threatened species and improve the conservation status of those species that are on decline. This target calls for establishment of conservation plans for species that face a high risk to extinction. Hence, it is of urgent need to understand the extinction risk posed to each of the threatened species in the country and the factors that are responsible for the population decline in species. Therefore, it is important for taking initiatives to remove/reduce those factors posing risk to the survival of species. This study presents a brief overview of the status and progress made by India towards achievement of Aichi-12.

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The importance of addressing different Red Lists in conservation studies: an analysis comparing the conservation status of Brazilian mammals

Animal Biodiversity and Conservation ◽

10.32800/abc.2021.44.0079 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 79-88

Author(s):

M. C. Drago ◽

D. Vrcibradic

Keyword(s):

Threatened Species ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Evaluation Process ◽

Iucn Red List ◽

Red List ◽

Red Lists

Red Lists are important conservation tools because they attempt to estimate the extinction risks of species. We compared the conservation status of Brazilian mammals presented in the Brazilian Red Book with those presented in the IUCN Red List, highlighting the importance of each list and why they should be used jointly. Out of 636 species, 181 were considered endemic to Brazil and 121 were considered threatened by at least one of the lists. Considering the complete database, 86 % of the species had the same status on both lists, whereas only 48 % of the threatened species had the same status. Some possible factors responsible for variations are the period in which the evaluations were carried out, the evaluation process and the fact that a species threatened nationally may not be threatened globally. We recommend that communication should be improved, that lists should be kept updated, and that both the type of information and the data itself to be used in the assessments should be standardized.

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