scholarly journals Evolution of Autopoiesis and Multicellularity in the Game of Life

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Peter D. Turney
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Generator ◽  
Game Of Life ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Tournament Selection ◽  
Symbiosis Model ◽  
Biological Reproduction ◽  
Initial Seed ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Conway’S Game Of Life

Abstract Recently we introduced a model of symbiosis, Model-S, based on the evolution of seed patterns in Conway's Game of Life. In the model, the fitness of a seed pattern is measured by one-on-one competitions in the Immigration Game, a two-player variation of the Game of Life. Our previous article showed that Model-S can serve as a highly abstract, simplified model of biological life: (1) The initial seed pattern is analogous to a genome. (2) The changes as the game runs are analogous to the development of the phenome. (3) Tournament selection in Model-S is analogous to natural selection in biology. (4) The Immigration Game in Model-S is analogous to competition in biology. (5) The first three layers in Model-S are analogous to biological reproduction. (6) The fusion of seed patterns in Model-S is analogous to symbiosis. The current article takes this analogy two steps further: (7) Autopoietic structures in the Game of Life (still lifes, oscillators, and spaceships—collectively known as ashes) are analogous to cells in biology. (8) The seed patterns in the Game of Life give rise to multiple, diverse, cooperating autopoietic structures, analogous to multicellular biological life. We use the apgsearch software (Ash Pattern Generator Search), developed by Adam Goucher for the study of ashes, to analyze autopoiesis and multicellularity in Model-S. We find that the fitness of evolved seed patterns in Model-S is highly correlated with the diversity and quantity of multicellular autopoietic structures.

scholarly journals Recipient and donor genetic variants associated with mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (14) ◽  
pp. 3224-3233
Author(s):  
Paul J. Martin ◽  
David M. Levine ◽  
Barry E. Storer ◽  
Sarah C. Nelson ◽  
Xinyuan Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Hematopoietic Cell ◽  
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract Many studies have suggested that genetic variants in donors and recipients are associated with survival-related outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), but these results have not been confirmed. Therefore, the utility of testing genetic variants in donors and recipients for risk stratification or understanding mechanisms leading to mortality after HCT has not been established. We tested 122 recipient and donor candidate variants for association with nonrelapse mortality (NRM) and relapse mortality (RM) in a cohort of 2560 HCT recipients of European ancestry with related or unrelated donors. Associations discovered in this cohort were tested for replication in a separate cohort of 1710 HCT recipients. We found that the donor rs1051792 A allele in MICA was associated with a lower risk of NRM. Donor and recipient rs1051792 genotypes were highly correlated, making it statistically impossible to determine whether the donor or recipient genotype accounted for the association. Risks of grade 3 to 4 graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and NRM in patients with grades 3 to 4 GVHD were lower with donor MICA-129Met but not with MICA-129Val, implicating MICA-129Met in the donor as an explanation for the decreased risk of NRM after HCT. Our analysis of candidate variants did not show any other association with NRM or RM. A genome-wide association study did not identify any other variants associated with NRM or RM.

Characterizing Autopoiesis in the Game of Life

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall D. Beer
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automaton ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Formal Analysis ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Game Of Life ◽  
Enactive Approach ◽  
Conway’S Game Of Life ◽  
Over Time

Maturana and Varela's concept of autopoiesis defines the essential organization of living systems and serves as a foundation for their biology of cognition and the enactive approach to cognitive science. As an initial step toward a more formal analysis of autopoiesis, this article investigates its application to the compact, recurrent spatiotemporal patterns that arise in Conway's Game-of-Life cellular automaton. In particular, we demonstrate how such entities can be formulated as self-constructing networks of interdependent processes that maintain their own boundaries. We then characterize the specific organizations of several such entities, suggest a way to simplify the descriptions of these organizations, and briefly consider the transformation of such organizations over time.

scholarly journals Symbiosis Promotes Fitness Improvements in the Game of Life

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-365
Author(s):  
Peter D. Turney
Keyword(s):  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Levels Of Selection ◽  
Fourth Layer ◽  
Game Of Life ◽  
The Third ◽  
Evolution By Natural Selection ◽  
Conway’S Game Of Life

We present a computational simulation of evolving entities that includes symbiosis with shifting levels of selection. Evolution by natural selection shifts from the level of the original entities to the level of the new symbiotic entity. In the simulation, the fitness of an entity is measured by a series of one-on-one competitions in the Immigration Game, a two-player variation of Conway's Game of Life. Mutation, reproduction, and symbiosis are implemented as operations that are external to the Immigration Game. Because these operations are external to the game, we can freely manipulate the operations and observe the effects of the manipulations. The simulation is composed of four layers, each layer building on the previous layer. The first layer implements a simple form of asexual reproduction, the second layer introduces a more sophisticated form of asexual reproduction, the third layer adds sexual reproduction, and the fourth layer adds symbiosis. The experiments show that a small amount of symbiosis, added to the other layers, significantly increases the fitness of the population. We suggest that the model may provide new insights into symbiosis in biological and cultural evolution.

“Life,” a fascinating game

1976 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Lauren L. Meneghan
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Junior High ◽  
Game Of Life ◽  
Conway’S Game Of Life ◽  
Scientific American

John Conway's game of “life” provides a delightful and fascinating game for students of junior high school. (The introduction to Mr. Conway's game can be found in an article by Martin Gardner in the October 1970 issue of Scientific American.) Mr. Conway intended that the game be played by one person, but it can easily be adapted so that two or three students can play the game at one time.

DGM1 may serve as a novel genetic biomarker of response to enzastaurin in glioblastoma.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2023-2023
Author(s):  
Nicholas A. Butowski ◽  
Ronald L. Shazer ◽  
Hong Sun ◽  
Isabel Han ◽  
Manoj A. Jivani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Predictive Biomarker ◽  
Chromosome 8 ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Germline Polymorphism ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Genomic Marker ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Highly Correlated

2023 Background: Despite countless clinical trials being conducted, little has changed over the last decade in the chemotherapies available for glioblastoma (GBM) with survival remaining poor. Meaningful advances in treating this deadly malignancy may rely on precision medicine. We discovered a novel pharmacogenomic biomarker for enzastaurin (enz) in treating lymphoma (lymph). We evaluated if this biomarker can be used to predict enz response in GBM. Methods: Biomarker discovery was performed by a genome-wide screen using DNA extracted from blood samples from a ph 3 enz lymph trial and confirmed in an independent ph 2 enz lymph trial. The biomarker was then evaluated for its predictability in GBM using the archived DNA samples from a prior ph 1/2 enz GBM trial. Results: A novel biomarker, Denovo Genomic Marker 1 (DGM1), a germline polymorphism on chromosome 8, was found to be highly correlated with response to enz in the two lymph trials. Using DNA extracted from blood of pts from the single-arm ph 1/2 study of newly diagnosed GBM receiving enz added to radiation and temozolomide (tmz), we found median OS for DGM1+ pts treated with enz was 18 mon vs 12.8 mon for DGM1- pts, HR (95% CI) 0.68 (0.25, 1.81), p = 0.12. In addition, we found pts in the GBM study receiving a mean daily dose of enz ≥ 245 mg had an OS of 19.8 mon vs 14.9 mon for pts receiving a mean daily dose of < 245 mg [HR (95% CI) 0.55 (0.34, 0.90)]; enz 500 mg/day was used in the lymph studies. Conclusions: These data are supportive of DGM1 as a potentially predictive biomarker for enz response in both lymph and GBM. There is an ongoing biomarker-driven pivotal ph 3 study in lymph at 500 mg/day, and DGM1 in GBM will be further evaluated in a planned randomized ph 2b study in newly diagnosed GBM with 500 mg/day of enz in combination with tmz.

The SOC in cells’ living expectations of Conway’s Game of Life and its extended version

2016 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 348-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinling Wei ◽  
Haiyan Zhou ◽  
Jun Meng ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Yunmo Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extended Version ◽  
Game Of Life ◽  
Conway’S Game Of Life ◽  
In Cells

Ramifying Feedback Networks, Cross-Scale Interactions, and Emergent Quasi Individuals in Conway's Game of Life

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas M. Gotts
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Real World ◽  
Game Of Life ◽  
Scale Interactions ◽  
The Real ◽  
Feedback Networks ◽  
State 1 ◽  
Conway’S Game Of Life

Small patterns of state 1 cells on an infinite, otherwise empty array of Conway's game of Life can produce sets of growing structures resembling in significant ways a population of spatially situated individuals in a nonuniform, highly structured environment. Ramifying feedback networks and cross-scale interactions play a central role in the emergence and subsequent dynamics of the quasi population. The implications are discussed: It is proposed that analogous networks and interactions may have been precursors to natural selection in the real world.

scholarly journals Conway's game of life and the ecosystem represented by Uexküll's concept of Umwelt

2001 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Solomon Marcus
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Mathematical Ecology ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Game Of Life ◽  
Grammar Systems ◽  
Conway’S Game Of Life

Inspired by a mathematical ecology of thearre (M. Dinu) and the eco-grammar systems (E. Csuhaj-Varju et al.), this paper gives a brief analysis of simple cellular automata games in order to demonstrate their primary semiotic features. In particular, the behaviour of configurations in Conway's game of life is compared to several general features of Uexküll's concept of Umwelt. It is concluded that ecological processes have a fundamental semiotic dimension.

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