TRANSLATION OF KOREAN-INDONESIAN SHORT STORIES: AN ANALYSIS OF CLASS AND SEMANTIC SHIFTS OF ADVERBS OF MODALITY

This study discusses class and semantic shifts of adverbs of modality in the Korean short story and its Bahasa Indonesia translation in the short story anthology of ‘Langit dan Kupu-Kupu. This study aims to identify how the adverbs of modality original text change into a different word class in the target text. The sources of data in this study were six Korean short stories entitled ‘Dua Generasi yang Teraniaya’, ‘Seoul Musim Dingin 1964’, ‘Jalan ke Sampho’, ‘Bung Kim di Kampung Kami’, ‘Dinihari ke Garis Depan’, dan ‘Betulkah? Saya Jerapah’ and its Indonesian translation. This study was conducted using a descriptive qualitative method, and the design of a linguistic corpus was used to collect analytical data. The analysis results found that from 46 adverbs of modality, four translated adverbs remained classified as adverbs. At the same time, the other ten words change their class into pronouns, nouns, particles, adjectives, and verbs. Additionally, the other 32 words have a combination of adverbs and other word classes. Furthermore, of the 290 adverb words in the source text, 143 words were accurately translated, 100 were deleted, and 47 changed their meaning in the TT. In the translation of Korean-Indonesian short stories, the shifting technique is used to adjust differences between Korean and Indonesian grammar systems. Translators also make a shift in the word's meaning of short stories as long as they do not deviate from the context and message in the ST to produce a natural translation that TL readers can easily understand.

Grammar change

Structurally, cognitive and biological evolution are highly similar. Random variation and constant but blind selection drive evolution within biology as well as within cognition. However, evolution of cognitive programs, and in particular of grammar systems, is not a subclass of biological evolution but a domain of its own. The abstract evolutionary principles, however, are akin in cognitive and biological evolution. In other words, insights gained in the biological domain can be cautiously applied to the cognitive domain. This paper claims that the cognitively encapsulated, i.e. consciously inaccessible, aspects of grammars as cognitively represented systems, that is, the procedural and structural parts of grammars, are subject to, and results of, Darwinian evolution, applying to a domain-specific cognitive program. Other, consciously accessible aspects of language do not fall under Darwinian evolutionary principles, but are mostly instances of social changes.

Development of foreign language discurrent competence of applicants (students) in university education

The purpose of the study is to establish step-by-step indicators of intensification of foreign language proficiency in the learning process, the possibility of developing foreign language discursive competence in higher school students by promoting their speech and writing skills. Methods. The study is based on an integrated approach. This article uses a number of methods of synthesis and analysis. The method of experiment, which is the basic in work, is also presented. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the experiment was carried out with the involvement of a questionnaire, which was conducted in stages. The hypothesis is that well-developed discursive competence promotes a better understanding of oral and written texts not only locally but also globally, in addition to creating a more universal and comprehensive discourse to improve speaking and writing skills. In the future, scientists need to focus not on the actual linguistic competence, vocabulary and grammar systems, but also to explore the relationship of complexity in the implementation of foreign language discursive practices, ways to develop students' discursive competence in reading and speaking.

Semilinearity of Families of Languages

Techniques are developed for creating new and general language families of only semilinear languages, and for showing families only contain semilinear languages. It is shown that for language families [Formula: see text] that are semilinear full trios, the smallest full AFL containing [Formula: see text] that is also closed under intersection with languages in [Formula: see text] (where [Formula: see text] is the family of languages accepted by [Formula: see text]s augmented with reversal-bounded counters), is also semilinear. If these closure properties are effective, this also immediately implies decidability of membership, emptiness, and infiniteness for these general families. From the general techniques, new grammar systems are given that are extensions of well-known families of semilinear full trios, whereby it is implied that these extensions must only describe semilinear languages. This also implies positive decidability properties for the new systems. Some characterizations of the new families are also given.

Splicing Context-Free Matrix Grammars using Parallel Communicating Grammar Systems

Extensive research on splicing of strings in DNA computing has established important theoretical results in computational theory. Further, splicing on strings has been extended to arrays in[2]. In this context, we propose, a grammar system, using queries to splice context-free matrix grammars and show that the language generated by this grammar system is incomparable to the language given in [3] and has more generative power than in [2].