scholarly journals Long-Run Trends in School Productivity: Evidence from Australia

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Leigh ◽  
Chris Ryan
Keyword(s):  
School Violence ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Student Attitudes ◽  
Television Viewing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Student Demographics ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Evidence

Outside the United States, very little is known about long-run trends in school productivity. We present new evidence using two data series from Australia, where comparable tests are available back to the 1960s. For young teenagers (aged 13–14), we find a small but statistically significant fall in numeracy over the period 1964–2003 and in both literacy and numeracy over the period 1975–98. The decline is in the order of one-tenth to one-fifth of a standard deviation. Adjusting this decline for changes in student demographics does not affect this conclusion; if anything, the decline appears to be more acute. The available evidence also suggests that any changes in student attitudes, school violence, and television viewing are unlikely to have had a major impact on test scores. Real per child school expenditure increased substantially over this period, implying a fall in school productivity. Although we cannot account for all the phenomena that might have affected school productivity, we identify a number of plausible explanations.

Scarcity and Growth Revisited

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1815-1832 ◽  
Author(s):  
N D Uri ◽  
R Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Equilibrium Relationship ◽  
Lead Zinc ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Zinc Nickel

The analysis presented in this paper is concerned with the effect of resource scarcity on economic growth. After the notion of scarcity is defined and two measures of scarcity are introduced—unit cost and relative resource price—changes in the trend in resource scarcity for lead, zinc, nickel, aluminium, silver, iron, and copper in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s are investigated. Only for silver and iron is there any indication that such a change has occurred. For silver, the change is transitory. It is believed that changes in resource scarcity have implications for future economic growth depending on the extent of the change and the degree to which resource scarcity and economic growth are interrelated. To see whether this is a relevant concern cointegration techniques are utilized to identify objectively a long-run equilibrium relationship between resource scarcity and economic growth. Only for the unit cost measure for lead and copper for one of the measures of cointegration is there a suggestion that resource scarcity has affected economic growth in the United States over the period 1889–1992.

ONE APPROACH TO RESOLVE THE EXCHANGE RATE PUZZLE: RESULTS USING DATA FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE UNITED STATES

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (05) ◽  
pp. 1367-1384
Author(s):  
MOHAMED ARIFF ◽  
ALIREZA ZAREI
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Nominal Exchange Rate ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Bretton Woods ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Using Data

We approach a significant research topic in international economics by restating the test procedures in a novel manner consistent with monetary theorems with controls using monetary variables and applying an appropriate econometric methodology to re-examine three aspects of exchange rate behavior. (i) Does the inflation (price) factor affect Nominal Exchange Rate (NER)? (ii) Do relative interest rates between countries affect a country’s exchange rate? (iii) Do the price and interest rate effects hold if controls for non-parity factors are embedded in tests? The data series for this study are taken over 55 years covering pre-and-post-Bretton Woods era: a second test was done over the post-Bretton Woods period only using 30 years of data. Also, the traditional factors of parity conditions are extended in this research to take into account recently theorized and tested non-parity factors related to cash flows. The resulting evidence affirms clearly that both the parity factors (prices and interest rates) and the non-parity factors affect exchange rates significantly over the long run, also over the 30-year period. In our view, these findings extend our knowledge of how currency behavior is consistent with parity and non-parity theorems.

scholarly journals Academic Achievement and Economic Attainment: Reexamining Associations Between Test Scores and Long-Run Earnings

AERA Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 233285842092898
Author(s):  
Tyler W. Watts
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Reading Scores ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Economic Attainment ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Adult Earnings ◽  
Socioemotional Skills ◽  
New Evidence

The current article reexamines the correlation between achievement test scores and earnings by providing new evidence on the association between academic skills and measures of adult earnings assessed when participants were in their 30s, 40s, and 50s. Results suggest that math and reading scores are strong predictors of economic attainment throughout participants’ careers, but these associations may also be sensitive to controls for other characteristics—including measures of the early family environment, general cognitive functioning, and socioemotional skills. Although these associations demonstrate the likely importance of achievement skills in determining labor market productivity, the variability in the achievement-to-earnings correlation suggests that researchers should apply caution when using the correlation to project the long-run effects of educational interventions.

Global versus National

Age of Iron ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 70-104
Author(s):  
Colin Dueck
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Republican Party ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Clinton Presidency ◽  
Great Power Politics ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter describes the efforts of various Republican presidents and congressional leaders to strike balances between nationalist and internationalist priorities between the 1960s and 2015. Barry Goldwater championed a hawkish Sunbelt conservatism that in the long run helped remake the Republican Party. President Nixon pursued a foreign policy based upon assumptions of great-power politics and realpolitik. President Reagan led an ideologically charged effort at anti-Communist rollback, although he was careful not to overextend the United States in any large-scale wars on the ground. Republicans during the Clinton presidency struggled to reformulate conservative foreign policy assumptions in the wake of the Soviet Union’s collapse. George W. Bush remade conservative foreign policy into a war on terror, aiming at the democratization of the Greater Middle East. Finally, during the presidency of Barack Obama, Republican foreign policy factions once again splintered, paving the way for a conservative nationalist resurgence.

The Local Economic Effects of Public Housing in the United States, 1940–1970

2013 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 978-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine L. Shester
Keyword(s):  
Public Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Lower Population

Between 1933 and 1973 the federal government funded the construction of over 1 million units of low-rent housing. Using county-level data, I find that communities with high densities of public housing had lower median family income, lower median property values, lower population density, and a higher percentage of families with low income in 1970. However, I find no negative effects of public housing in 1950 or 1960, implying that long-run negative effects only became apparent in the 1960s. The effects found in 1970 are partially due to a decline in human capital.

scholarly journals Snakes and ladders: The development and multiple reconstructions of the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute’s military expenditure data

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Perlo-Freeman ◽  
Elisabeth Sköns
Keyword(s):  
Great Majority ◽  
Military Expenditure ◽  
Data Series ◽  
International Peace ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Peace Research ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Expenditure Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute’s military expenditure database is the only long-run, consistent dataset on military expenditure with global coverage. Even though SIPRI’s military expenditure data collection dates back almost to the organization’s beginning in 1966, until recently, consistent data series for most countries have only been available as from 1988 onward. As this article discusses, the history of SIPRI’s military expenditure project includes a number of breaks, the result of staff transitions and failures of record-keeping. As a result, reconstructing the data has been necessary on a number of occasions. The most recent such effort has now succeeded in extending the data backward from 1988 for the great majority of countries—in most cases at least to the 1960s, and for some countries as far back as 1959. This article sets out this history of advances, setbacks, and reconstructions and the methodologies used. In particular, the results of the latest reconstruction effort are presented, and thoughts for future developments laid out.

The Relationship Among Poverty, Economic Growth, and Inequality Revisited

2008 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Lonnie K. Stevans ◽  
David N. Sessions
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Correction Model ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Formal Error ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

It has been shown in prior research that increased economic growth reduces poverty. Authors have also found that the effect of growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on poverty growth has either diminished or remained unchanged over time, and economic expansion in the 1980s in the United States had no affect on poverty. Using a formal error-correction model, we find that increases in economic growth are significantly related to reductions in the poverty rate for all families. Specifically, GDP growth was found to have a more pronounced effect on poverty during the expansionary periods of the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s. Other findings include identification of determinants of the dynamic behavior of poverty rates both in the yearto- year periods and over the long run.

‘Put My Name Down’

Red Strains ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robbie Lieberman
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mccarthy Era ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Peace Activism ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Popular Audience ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Progressive Party ◽  
Movement Culture

At the height of the McCarthy era, a period that marked the low point of both communism and peace activism in the United States, the communist left continued to promote its ideas about peace through song. Beginning with the Progressive party campaign of 1948, communists and their supporters sang their opposition to U.S. Cold War policies and promoted brotherhood among men, usually in those (male) terms. Intense anticommunism limited the impact of songs written and disseminated by ‘people's artists’ in the early Cold War years. Nonetheless, their work had an impact in the long run despite the repressive era in which they sang. Through hootenannies and records, and in the pages of publications such as Sing Out!they kept alive a movement culture that influenced the next generation of musicians, whose peace songs reached a popular audience in the 1960s.

Determinants of Social Capital: New Evidence on Religion, Diversity and Structural Change

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCUS ALEXANDER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Democracy ◽  
Precise Understanding ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
New Evidence

Americans not only bowl less today than they did fifty years ago, but also some bowl more than others. This is one of the major and simple messages of Robert Putnam's influential study of social capital in America. Using a variety of data sources, Putnam documents a significant variation in the states' levels of social capital, while arguing for specific general causes of the decline of social capital across the United States. Here, we evaluate the power of Putnam's theory in explaining state-level variation of stocks of social capital. We find that the strongest determinants of social capital levels are basic social and economic differences between states, such as education, church membership, farming and unemployment. Controlling for these determinants, we also find no evidence for a much-debated link between diversity and social capital.Since the publication of Putnam's book, a growing quantitative literature on social capital has contributed to a much more nuanced and theoretically precise understanding of the link between social capital and the quality of American democracy. Pamela Paxton, as well as Dora Costa and Matthew Kahn, have re-examined Putnam's finding of the aggregate decline in social capital in the United States since the 1960s. Putnam's claim that higher levels of social capital improve the functioning of democracy on the state level has been examined systematically by, among others, Stephen Knack and Tom W. Rice. On a methodological level, Eric M. Uslaner has argued for a need to disaggregate different concepts of trust, and focus on generalized social trust and its effect on making democracy more effective.

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