scholarly journals Recoding between Two Types of STM Representation Revealed by the Dynamics of Memory Search

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Leszczyński ◽  
Nicholas E. Myers ◽  
Elkan G. Akyürek ◽  
Anna Schubö
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Memory Search ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Verbal Representation ◽  
Verbal Recall ◽  
Retention Intervals ◽  
Stored Information

Visual STM (VSTM) is thought to be related to visual attention in several ways. Attention controls access to VSTM during memory encoding and plays a role in the maintenance of stored information by strengthening memorized content. We investigated the involvement of visual attention in recall from VSTM. In two experiments, we measured electrophysiological markers of attention in a memory search task with varying intervals between VSTM encoding and recall, and so we were able to track recoding of representations in memory. Results confirmed the involvement of attention in VSTM recall. However, the amplitude of the N2pc and N3rs components, which mark orienting of attention and search within VSTM, decreased as a function of delay. Conversely, the amplitude of the P3 and sustained posterior contralateral negativity components increased as a function of delay, effectively the opposite of the N2pc and N3rs modulations. These effects were only observed when verbal memory was not taxed. Thus, the results suggested that gradual recoding from visuospatial orienting of attention into verbal recall mechanisms takes place from short to long retention intervals. Interestingly, recall at longer delays was faster than at short delays, indicating that verbal representation is coupled with faster responses. These results extend the orienting-of-attention hypothesis by including an account of representational recoding during short-term consolidation and its consequences for recall from VSTM.

Searching Short-Term Memory for Linear-Positioning Movements

1983 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgann Lucariello ◽  
Tonya Toole ◽  
James Cauraugh
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Memory Search ◽  
Motor Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Search Processes ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Main Effects

To determine whether memory search for movements was serial or parallel, the search processes involved in a short-term motor-memory paradigm were investigated. A linear-positioning task was used to present a series of 1, 2, or 3 movements in a memory set. Upon completion of a memory set, subjects were presented with a search movement. The search movement was either the same length as one of the memory-set movements (“yes” response) or a different length (“no” response). Four subjects completed three consecutive days of testing. On Day 1 RT and movement length were practiced. On Day 2 the subjects were required to search a memory set of movements and respond in the yes condition by lifting the index finger of the left hand. This movement terminated a RT search clock. The same procedures were followed on Day 3, except that a no response was indicated by lifting the index finger. A 2 × 3 × 3 (response × memory set × RT trials) within-subjects analysis yielded nonsignificant main effects and interactions. The results were discussed in relation to verbal memory.

Effects of Sequencing of Information and Interstimulus Interval in Metered-Memory Search

1974 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 523-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip H. Marshall ◽  
Diana Jo Smith ◽  
Thomas T. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Interstimulus Interval ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Memory Search ◽  
Starting Position ◽  
Integral Component ◽  
Starting Point

The effects of information sequencing and variations in interstimulus interval were investigated in a metered-memory-search paradigm where S responded with a rule-defined letter belonging to a memory set. If information concerning the starting point of the search was presented before the defining rule, the over-all latency was shorter than if the reverse was the case, supporting the notion that isolation of the starting position is an integral component of the metered-memory-search task. Increasing the interstimulus interval between information about the starting position and rule-defining transformation resulted over-all in a longer latency but had no effect on rate of search.

Grouping in short-term verbal memory: Is position coded temporally?

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honey L.H. Ng ◽  
Murray T. Maybery
Keyword(s):  
Serial Position ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Positional Information ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Phonological Loop ◽  
Loop Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temporal Grouping

The nature of the mechanisms that code item position in serial short-term verbal recall was investigated with reference to temporal grouping phenomena—effects that arise when additional pauses are inserted in a presented list to form groups of items. Several recent models attempt to explain these phenomena by assuming that positional information is retained by associating items with contextual information. According to two of the models—the Phonological Loop model (Hitch, Burgess, Towse, & Culpin, 1996) and the OSCAR model (Brown, Preece, & Hulme, 2000)—contextual information depends critically on the timing of item presentation with reference to group onset. By contrast, according to the Start-End model (Henson, 1998) and a development from it, which we label the Oscillator-Revised Start-End model (Henson & Burgess, 1997), contextual information is independent of time from group onset. Three experiments examined whether coding of position is time dependent. The critical manipulation was to vary stimulus-onset asynchrony from one group to the next in the same list. Lists of consonants were presented visually, but with vocalization in Experiment 1, auditorily in Experiment 2, and auditorily with articulatory suppression in Experiment 3. The pattern of order errors consistently favoured the predictions of the time-independent models over those of the time-dependent models in that across-group transpositions reflected within-group serial position rather than time from group onset. Errors involving intrusions from previous lists also reflected within-group serial position, thereby extending support for the time-independent models.

Olfactory short-term memory encoding and maintenance — An event-related potential study

NeuroImage ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
pp. 475-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Lenk ◽  
Annet Bluschke ◽  
Christian Beste ◽  
Emilia Iannilli ◽  
Veit Rößner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Potential Study

scholarly journals Tonic resting-state hubness supports high-frequency activity defined verbal-memory encoding network in epilepsy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaitanya Ganne ◽  
Walter Hinds ◽  
James Kragel ◽  
Xiaosong He ◽  
Noah Sideman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Resting State ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Cognitive Networks ◽  
Gamma Activity ◽  
List Type ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Memory Network

AbstractHigh-frequency gamma activity of verbal-memory encoding using invasive-electroencephalogram coupled has laid the foundation for numerous studies testing the integrity of memory in diseased populations. Yet, the functional connectivity characteristics of networks subserving these HFA-memory linkages remains uncertain. By integrating this electrophysiological biomarker of memory encoding from IEEG with resting-state BOLD fluctuations, we estimated the segregation and hubness of HFA-memory regions in drug-resistant epilepsy patients and matched healthy controls. HFA-memory regions express distinctly different hubness compared to neighboring regions in health and in epilepsy, and this hubness was more relevant than segregation in predicting verbal memory encoding. The HFA-memory network comprised regions from both the cognitive control and primary processing networks, validating that effective verbal-memory encoding requires multiple functions, and is not dominated by a central cognitive core. Our results demonstrate a tonic intrinsic set of functional connectivity, which provides the necessary conditions for effective, phasic, task-dependent memory encoding.HighlightsHigh frequency memory activity in IEEG corresponds to specific BOLD changes in resting-state data.HFA-memory regions had lower hubness relative to control brain nodes in both epilepsy patients and healthy controls.HFA-memory network displayed hubness and participation (interaction) values distinct from other cognitive networks.HFA-memory network shared regional membership and interacted with other cognitive networks for successful memory encoding.HFA-memory network hubness predicted both concurrent task (phasic) and baseline (tonic) verbal-memory encoding success.

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