scholarly journals Hidden Aspects of the Research ADOS Are Bound to Affect Autism Science

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B. Torres ◽  
Richa Rai ◽  
Sejal Mistry ◽  
Brenda Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Metric Spaces ◽  
Similarity Measures ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Empirical Distributions ◽  
Proper Elements ◽  
Longitudinal Tracking ◽  
Distribution Shape ◽  
Research Grade ◽  
Cutoff Scores ◽  
The Impact

The research-grade Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule (ADOS) is a broadly used instrument that informs and steers much of the science of autism. Despite its broad use, little is known about the empirical variability inherently present in the scores of the ADOS scale or their appropriateness to define change and its rate, to repeatedly use this test to characterize neurodevelopmental trajectories. Here we examine the empirical distributions of research-grade ADOS scores from 1324 records in a cross-section of the population comprising participants with autism between five and 65 years of age. We find that these empirical distributions violate the theoretical requirements of normality and homogeneous variance, essential for independence between bias and sensitivity. Further, we assess a subset of 52 typical controls versus those with autism and find a lack of proper elements to characterize neurodevelopmental trajectories in a coping nervous system changing at nonuniform, nonlinear rates. Repeating the assessments over four visits in a subset of the participants with autism for whom verbal criteria retained the same appropriate ADOS modules over the time span of the four visits reveals that switching the clinician changes the cutoff scores and consequently influences the diagnosis, despite maintaining fidelity in the same test's modules, room conditions, and tasks' fluidity per visit. Given the changes in probability distribution shape and dispersion of these ADOS scores, the lack of appropriate metric spaces to define similarity measures to characterize change and the impact that these elements have on sensitivity-bias codependencies and on longitudinal tracking of autism, we invite a discussion on readjusting the use of this test for scientific purposes.

scholarly journals Hidden Aspects of the Research-ADOS are Bound to Affect Autism Science

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B Torres ◽  
Richa Rai ◽  
Sejal Mistry ◽  
Brenda Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Metric Spaces ◽  
Empirical Distributions ◽  
Proper Elements ◽  
Longitudinal Tracking ◽  
Distribution Shape ◽  
Research Grade ◽  
Cutoff Scores ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe research-grade ADOS is a broadly used instrument that informs and steers much of the science of Autism. Despite its broad use, little is known about the empirical variability inherently present in the scores of the ADOS scale, or their appropriateness to define change, to repeatedly use this test to characterize neurodevelopmental trajectories. Here we examine the empirical distributions of research-grade ADOS scores from 1,324 records in a cross-section of the population comprising participants with autism between 5-65 years of age. We find that these empirical distributions violate the theoretical requirements of normality and homogeneous variance, essential for independence between bias and sensitivity. Further, we assess a subset of 52 typical controls vs. those with autism and find lack of proper elements to characterize neurodevelopmental trajectories in a coping nervous system changing at non-uniform, non-linear rates. Lastly, longitudinally repeating the assessments over 4 visits in a subset of the participants with autism for whom verbal criteria kept the same appropriate ADOS modules over the timespan of the 4 visits, reveals that switching the clinician, changes the cutoff scores, and consequently, influences the diagnosis, despite maintaining fidelity in the same test’s modules, room conditions and tasks’ fluidity per visit. Given the changes in probability distribution shape and dispersion of these ADOS scores, the lack of appropriate metric spaces, and the impact that these elements have on sensitivity-bias co-dependencies, and on longitudinal tracking of autism, we invite a discussion on the use of this test for scientific purposes.

scholarly journals Evaluating the effect of compressing algorithms for trajectory similarity and classification problems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonios Makris ◽  
Camila Leite da Silva ◽  
Vania Bogorny ◽  
Luis Otavio Alvares ◽  
Jose Antonio Macedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trajectory Analysis ◽  
Similarity Measures ◽  
Classification Problems ◽  
Trajectory Data ◽  
Compression Algorithms ◽  
Time Ratio ◽  
Ratio Speed ◽  
Trajectory Similarity ◽  
Real World Datasets ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDuring the last few years the volumes of the data that synthesize trajectories have expanded to unparalleled quantities. This growth is challenging traditional trajectory analysis approaches and solutions are sought in other domains. In this work, we focus on data compression techniques with the intention to minimize the size of trajectory data, while, at the same time, minimizing the impact on the trajectory analysis methods. To this extent, we evaluate five lossy compression algorithms: Douglas-Peucker (DP), Time Ratio (TR), Speed Based (SP), Time Ratio Speed Based (TR_SP) and Speed Based Time Ratio (SP_TR). The comparison is performed using four distinct real world datasets against six different dynamically assigned thresholds. The effectiveness of the compression is evaluated using classification techniques and similarity measures. The results showed that there is a trade-off between the compression rate and the achieved quality. The is no “best algorithm” for every case and the choice of the proper compression algorithm is an application-dependent process.

Taming the Obesity Beast: Children, Marketing, and Public Policy Considerations

2007 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Seiders ◽  
Ross D. Petty
Keyword(s):  
Fast Food ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Longitudinal Tracking ◽  
Fast Food Restaurants ◽  
Role Of Parents ◽  
Packaged Food ◽  
The Impact

This essay explores the policy implications of the findings in this special section for potential remedies and opportunities for further research in the critical area of obesity. Children are an important focus here both because of the dramatic increase in childhood obesity in recent decades and because they lack the cognitive development and social experience to process marketing communications with the sophistication of adults. In addition, children's food purchase decisions are substantially influenced by their parents. Although packaged food marketers are setting their own voluntary restrictions on products to be marketed during entertainment content targeted at children, the impact of such restrictions is limited because children are substantial viewers of general entertainment content. This essay suggests that more prominent nutrition disclosure oriented toward obesity concerns for both packaged foods and fast-food restaurants should be more fully considered. It further suggests that increased marketing research is needed to better understand children as consumers, the role of parents as gatekeepers, and the differences between ethnic population segments. Marketing research also can contribute to the assessment of the effectiveness of different regulatory approaches adopted by various countries and the viability of mass educational approaches versus individual encouragement by parents, doctors, and others. The authors note that because obesity is a long-term health problem, a longitudinal tracking study would be useful in studying both health effects over time and the effectiveness of various policy interventions.

scholarly journals Impacto das exportações de alta tecnologia no crescimento econômico: evidências empíricas do Paquistão

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Usman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Least Square ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Ordinary Least Square ◽  
Robust Standard Error ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Data Source ◽  
The Impact

The goal of this study is to explore the impact of high tech exports on economic growth of Pakistan. To examine this relationship, data are collected from World Bank database, State Bank of Pakistan data source and Statistical Bureau of Pakistan. Time span of study is consisting of 20 years from 1995 to 2014. By using ordinary least square (OLS) with robust standard error, results confirm that there is a positive and statistically significant impact of high tech exports on economic growth. Although Pakistan is an agriculture country and its economic growth is largely depend upon farming, but for long run economic growth, Pakistan has to increase its high tech exports.

A Comparison of Vector and Network-Based Measures for Assessing Design Similarity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananya Nandy ◽  
Andy Dong ◽  
Kosa Goucher-Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Functional Model ◽  
Similarity Measures ◽  
Current Function ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Graph Similarity ◽  
Functional Models ◽  
Design By Analogy ◽  
Computational Systems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Target Design

Abstract In order to retrieve analogous designs for design-by-analogy, computational systems require the calculation of similarity between the target design and a repository of source designs. Representing designs as functional abstractions can support designers in practicing design-by-analogy by minimizing fixation on surface-level similarities. In addition, when a design is represented by a functional model using a function-flow format, many measures are available to determine functional similarity. In most current function-based design-by-analogy systems, the functions are represented as vectors and measures like cosine similarity are used to retrieve analogous designs. However, it is hypothesized that changing the similarity measure can significantly change the examples that are retrieved. In this paper, several similarity measures are empirically tested across a set of functional models of energy harvesting products. In addition, the paper explores representing the functional models as networks to find functionally similar designs using graph similarity measures. Surprisingly, the types of designs that are considered similar by vector-based and one of the graph similarity measures are found to vary significantly. Even among a set of functional models that share known similar technology, the different measures find inconsistent degrees of similarity — some measures find the set of models to be very similar and some find them to be very dissimilar. The findings have implications on the choice of similarity metric and its effect on finding analogous designs that, in this case, have similar pairs of functions and flows in their functional models. Since literature has shown that the types of designs presented can impact their effectiveness in aiding the design process, this work intends to spur further consideration of the impact of using different similarity measures when assessing design similarity computationally.

Co-Citation Count vs Correlation for Influence Network Visualization

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Noel ◽  
Chee-Hung Henry Chu ◽  
Vijay Raghavan
Keyword(s):  
Similarity Measure ◽  
Minimum Spanning Tree ◽  
Citation Count ◽  
Similarity Measures ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Document Similarity ◽  
Two Dimensional Image ◽  
Document Collection ◽  
Average Vertex ◽  
The Impact

Visualization of author or document influence networks as a two-dimensional image can provide key insights into the direct influence of authors or documents on each other in a document collection. The influence network is constructed based on the minimum spanning tree, in which the nodes are documents and an edge is the most direct influence between two documents. Influence network visualizations have typically relied on co-citation correlation as a measure of document similarity. That is, the similarity between two documents is computed by correlating the sets of citations to each of the two documents. In a different line of research, co-citation count (the number of times two documents are jointly cited) has been applied as a document similarity measure. In this work, we demonstrate the impact of each of these similarity measures on the document influence network. We provide examples, and analyze the significance of the choice of similarity measure. We show that correlation-based visualizations exhibit chaining effects (low average vertex degree), a manifestation of multiple minor variations in document similarities. These minor similarity variations are absent in count-based visualizations. The result is that count-based influence network visualizations are more consistent with the intuitive expectation of authoritative documents being hubs that directly influence large numbers of documents.

scholarly journals Rebels and parties: the impact of armed insurgency on representation in the Central African Republic

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Mehler
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Central African Republic ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Power Sharing ◽  
Crisis Of Representation ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the declining importance of political parties in the Central African Republic (CAR). The country can be considered an extreme example of the lack of viability of a state in general, and democracy in particular. However, the quality of elections has exceeded the average in the sub-region over a substantial time-span. Hopes for a democratic future only faded in recent years. The paper hypothesises that both political parties and rebel movements are failing to adequately represent (ethnoregional) interests, but that parties are suffering more in the course of the enduring war and the peace process. Patterns of elite behaviour are presented as the main explanation for the resulting crisis of representation, with international actors' preference for inclusionary power-sharing deals seen as the main aggravating factor.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Adop to Changes in the Single-Baseline GNSS Model

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Odijk ◽  
P. Teunissen
Keyword(s):  
Carrier Phase ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Linear Combinations ◽  
Gnss Positioning ◽  
Single Baseline ◽  
Gnss Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Dependent Observation ◽  
Ambiguity Dilution Of Precision

Sensitivity of Adop to Changes in the Single-Baseline GNSS Model The ADOP (Ambiguity Dilution Of Precision) is a measure for the precision of the carrier phase ambiguities involved in precise relative GNSS positioning. By computing the ADOP one may get knowledge in whether ambiguity resolution can be expected successful or not, already in a stage before the GNSS data are collected. In Odijk and Teunissen (2008) compact closed-form expressions have been derived for the ADOP of single-baseline GNSS models. In this paper these expressions are used to study the impact of certain changes in these models, as there are the observation time span, the weighting of the ionospheric delays, the number of frequencies, the weights of the phase and code data, the number of satellites, elevation-dependent observation weights and taking linear combinations of data.

scholarly journals Multilingualism in Linguistic Landscape of Prishtina (Kosovo)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Shkumbin Munishi Prishtina
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Linguistic Landscape ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Abstract Language relations as manifestations of the phenomenon of multilingualism are also expressed in the area of the so-called linguistic landscape. Undoubtedly, the linguistic landscape not only reflects the use of languages in public space but at the same time reveals the depth of public perception of different languages, depending on their function and prestige. In this paper, I will treat Albanian, English and Serbian rapports through their coverage in the Pristina linguistic landscape, focusing on the use of these languages in advertising space in the city of Prishtina and in other tables that perform semiotic functions of indexes in this city. Likewise, within the reflection of the status planning of languages in Prishtina linguistic landscape, the use of Serbian in the official tables will be treated. This case study will also reflect the features of language policy and the impact of the globalization phenomenon in different languages. The results presented in this paper will reflect on the field research within a certain time span. The research has shown that in the Pristina linguistic landscape, in addition to the Albanian language, English has a dense use, while the use of Serbian is mostly limited to official charts i.e. names of the streets of the city and is not found in private advertisements tables.

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