scholarly journals Spontaneous Preference for Slowly Moving Objects in Visually Naïve Animals

Open Mind ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin N. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Rearing Method ◽  
The World ◽  
Visual Preferences ◽  
Controlled Rearing ◽  
Rotating Objects

To perceive the world successfully, newborns need certain types of visual experiences. The development of object recognition, for example, requires visual experience with slowly moving objects. To date, however, it is unknown whether newborns actively seek out the best visual experiences for developing object recognition. To address this question, I used an automated controlled-rearing method to examine whether visually naïve animals (newborn chicks) seek out slowly moving objects. Despite receiving equal exposure to slowly and to quickly rotating objects, the majority of the chicks developed a preference for slowly rotating objects. This preference was robust, producing large effect sizes across objects, experiments, and successive test days. These results indicate that newborn brains rapidly develop mechanisms for orienting young animals toward optimal visual experiences, thus facilitating the development of object recognition. This study also demonstrates that automation can be a valuable tool for studying the origins and development of visual preferences.

scholarly journals The development of newborn object recognition in fast and slow visual worlds

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1829) ◽  
pp. 20160166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin N. Wood ◽  
Samantha M. W. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Object Representation ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Virtual Object ◽  
Object Representations ◽  
Newborn Brain ◽  
Specific Object ◽  
Controlled Rearing ◽  
Invariant Object Recognition

Object recognition is central to perception and cognition. Yet relatively little is known about the environmental factors that cause invariant object recognition to emerge in the newborn brain. Is this ability a hardwired property of vision? Or does the development of invariant object recognition require experience with a particular kind of visual environment? Here, we used a high-throughput controlled-rearing method to examine whether newborn chicks ( Gallus gallus ) require visual experience with slowly changing objects to develop invariant object recognition abilities. When newborn chicks were raised with a slowly rotating virtual object, the chicks built invariant object representations that generalized across novel viewpoints and rotation speeds. In contrast, when newborn chicks were raised with a virtual object that rotated more quickly, the chicks built viewpoint-specific object representations that failed to generalize to novel viewpoints and rotation speeds. Moreover, there was a direct relationship between the speed of the object and the amount of invariance in the chick's object representation. Thus, visual experience with slowly changing objects plays a critical role in the development of invariant object recognition. These results indicate that invariant object recognition is not a hardwired property of vision, but is learned rapidly when newborns encounter a slowly changing visual world.

Career Counselling Effectiveness and Contributing Factors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan C. Whiston
Keyword(s):  
Career Choice ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Career Counselling ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Considerable Evidence ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
The World ◽  
Meta Analyses

This chapter explores the research related to whether career counselling is effective for individuals with vocational issues. In particular, there is considerable empirical support for career counselling related to career choice issues and searching for employment. Hence, practitioners can use this evidence to convince administrators, policymakers, parents, students, and other constituencies of the worth of career counselling. In addition, the chapter provides empirical evidence that practitioners can use to improve their effectiveness in working with people with career issues. This discussion mainly focuses on the results from older and newer meta-analyses regarding the ingredients that have a significant influence on effect sizes or the critical ingredients in career counselling. For example, there is considerable evidence that support from individuals, including the counsellor, may play an important role in the effectiveness of career counselling. Other factors that contribute to effective practice are also identified and discussed. The chapter further explores the need for additional research that addresses the most effective methods for providing career counselling. As the world of work becomes increasingly complex, it is important that researchers continue to explore the most effective strategies for assisting people in finding satisfying, meaningful, and productive work.

Learning About the World by Learning About Images

2021 ◽  
pp. 096372142199033
Author(s):  
Katherine R. Storrs ◽  
Roland W. Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Natural Images ◽  
Sensory Coding ◽  
The World ◽  
Unsupervised Deep Learning ◽  
Statistical Regularities ◽  
Sensory Encoding

One of the deepest insights in neuroscience is that sensory encoding should take advantage of statistical regularities. Humans’ visual experience contains many redundancies: Scenes mostly stay the same from moment to moment, and nearby image locations usually have similar colors. A visual system that knows which regularities shape natural images can exploit them to encode scenes compactly or guess what will happen next. Although these principles have been appreciated for more than 60 years, until recently it has been possible to convert them into explicit models only for the earliest stages of visual processing. But recent advances in unsupervised deep learning have changed that. Neural networks can be taught to compress images or make predictions in space or time. In the process, they learn the statistical regularities that structure images, which in turn often reflect physical objects and processes in the outside world. The astonishing accomplishments of unsupervised deep learning reaffirm the importance of learning statistical regularities for sensory coding and provide a coherent framework for how knowledge of the outside world gets into visual cortex.

scholarly journals Identifying images on moving objects to enhance the recognition

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1.5) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
C. Raghavendra ◽  
A. Kumaravel ◽  
S. Sivasubramanian
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Moving Pictures ◽  
New Procedures

To explore another group of algorithms that break down time-changing scenes, perceiving and following educated questions after some time. The new procedures are wanted to address key request of moving pictures, including capricious moment to-minute changes in region, gauge, presentation, lighting, and obstacle. We exhibit a novel endeavour in which objects turn and divert while suspended from a flexible's arms;the identification and following calculation joins attributes of various earlier distributed strategies, consolidating them in a novel mould to empower this recently presented assignment. Different strategies have discovered that enhancing recognition will enhance following; we demonstrate that enhanced following enhances object recognition.

scholarly journals Using automation to combat the replication crisis: A case study from controlled-rearing studies of newborn chicks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Wood ◽  
Justin Wood
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Measurement Precision ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Experimenter Bias ◽  
Replication Crisis ◽  
Reduce Measurement Error ◽  
Controlled Rearing ◽  
Noisy Measurements

The accuracy of science depends on the precision of its methods. When fields produce precise measurements, the scientific method can generate remarkable gains in knowledge. When fields produce noisy measurements, however, the scientific method is not guaranteed to work—in fact, noisy measurements are now regarded as a leading cause of the replication crisis in psychology. Scientists should therefore strive to improve the precision of their methods, especially in fields with noisy measurements. Here, we show that automation can reduce measurement error by ~60% in one domain of developmental psychology: controlled-rearing studies of newborn chicks. Automated studies produce measurements that are 3-4 times more precise than non-automated studies and produce effect sizes that are 3-4 times larger than non-automated studies. Automation also eliminates experimenter bias and allows replications to be performed quickly and easily. We suggest that automation can be a powerful tool for improving measurement precision, producing high powered experiments, and combating the replication crisis.

scholarly journals Contact lenses, the reverse Pulfrich effect, and anti-Pulfrich monovision corrections

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Rodriguez-Lopez ◽  
Carlos Dorronsoro ◽  
Johannes Burge
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Reported Effect ◽  
Pulfrich Effect ◽  
Image Blur ◽  
Optical Blur ◽  
Large Magnification

Abstract Interocular differences in image blur can cause processing speed differences that lead to dramatic misperceptions of the distance and three-dimensional direction of moving objects. This recently discovered illusion—the reverse Pulfrich effect—is caused by optical conditions induced by monovision, a common correction for presbyopia. Fortunately, anti-Pulfrich monovision corrections, which darken the blurring lens, can eliminate the illusion for many viewing conditions. However, the reverse Pulfrich effect and the efficacy of anti-Pulfrich corrections have been demonstrated only with trial lenses. This situation should be addressed, for clinical and scientific reasons. First, it is important to replicate these effects with contact lenses, the most common method for delivering monovision. Second, trial lenses of different powers, unlike contacts, can cause large magnification differences between the eyes. To confidently attribute the reverse Pulfrich effect to interocular optical blur differences, and to ensure that previously reported effect sizes are reliable, one must control for magnification. Here, in a within-observer study with five separate experiments, we demonstrate that (1) contact lenses and trial lenses induce indistinguishable reverse Pulfrich effects, (2) anti-Pulfrich corrections are equally effective when induced by contact and trial lenses, and (3) magnification differences do not cause or impact the Pulfrich effect.

scholarly journals Geometric Recognition of Moving Objects in Monocular Rotating Imagery Using Faster R-CNN

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1908
Author(s):  
Tzu-Yi Chuang ◽  
Jen-Yu Han ◽  
Deng-Jie Jhan ◽  
Ming-Der Yang
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Moving Objects ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Moving Object ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Ptz Camera ◽  
Real Life Data ◽  
Close Range

Moving object detection and tracking from image sequences has been extensively studied in a variety of fields. Nevertheless, observing geometric attributes and identifying the detected objects for further investigation of moving behavior has drawn less attention. The focus of this study is to determine moving trajectories, object heights, and object recognition using a monocular camera configuration. This paper presents a scheme to conduct moving object recognition with three-dimensional (3D) observation using faster region-based convolutional neural network (Faster R-CNN) with a stationary and rotating Pan Tilt Zoom (PTZ) camera and close-range photogrammetry. The camera motion effects are first eliminated to detect objects that contain actual movement, and a moving object recognition process is employed to recognize the object classes and to facilitate the estimation of their geometric attributes. Thus, this information can further contribute to the investigation of object moving behavior. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme quantitatively, first, an experiment with indoor synthetic configuration is conducted, then, outdoor real-life data are used to verify the feasibility based on recall, precision, and F1 index. The experiments have shown promising results and have verified the effectiveness of the proposed method in both laboratory and real environments. The proposed approach calculates the height and speed estimates of the recognized moving objects, including pedestrians and vehicles, and shows promising results with acceptable errors and application potential through existing PTZ camera images at a very low cost.

Seeing, acting, and knowing

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 999-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenon W. Pylyshyn
Keyword(s):  
Visual Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The World ◽  
Perceptual Representations ◽  
Sensorimotor Contingencies ◽  
Better Than

The target article proposes that visual experience arises when sensorimotor contingencies are exploited in perception. This novel analysis of visual experience fares no better than the other proposals that the article rightly dismisses, and for the same reasons. Extracting invariants may be needed for recognition, but it is neither necessary nor sufficient for having a visual experience. While the idea that vision involves the active extraction of sensorimotor invariants has merit, it does not replace the need for perceptual representations. Vision is not just for the immediate controlling of action; it is also for finding out about the world, from which inferences may be drawn and beliefs changed.

Sign language poetry and Deaf identity

2005 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 177-212
Author(s):  
Rachel Sutton-Spence ◽  
Ronice Müller de Quadros
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
Deaf People ◽  
Poetic Language ◽  
Language Poetry ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
National Community ◽  
Deaf Identity ◽  
The World

In this paper, we consider the role of sign language poetry in creating and expressing the Deaf poet’s identity as a “visual person” in a community living within a wider national community. We show how two Deaf poets from different linguistic, national and cultural backgrounds nevertheless have both created similar effects through their sign language poems, drawing on the folkloric knowledge of their Deaf communities and wider national folklore. Analysis of the language and themes in the poems reveals that sign language components including neologism and use of symmetry can be manipulated directly to celebrate the visual experience of Deaf people. The poetic language can be seen as a way to empower poets and their audiences to understand their place better within the world Deaf community and their own national communities.

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