Chemistry and Measurement: Some Philosophical Lessons

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Llored
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Procedure ◽  
Context Dependence ◽  
Methodological Pluralism ◽  
Ceteris Paribus

Abstract How do chemists assign numbers to chemicals properties? What do these numbers refer to? To answer these questions, we will first point out both the context-dependence of chemicals and the epistemic limitations of chemistry. We will then investigate how chemists use various procedures to stabilize measurements and how they use mixtures of samples as ‘references’ in order to determine the amount of different chemicals in a sample. This study will enable us to query how it is possible for chemists to change one factor while holding others constant at each step of the measurement procedure. This part of our work which will lead us to query the meaning of the ceteris paribus clause and the very possibility of making holistic inferences in the domain of chemistry. To conclude, we will highlight how methodological pluralism developed by chemists makes it possible for a relational type of consistency to emerge.

Ceteris paribus

Quadrature ◽  
2010 ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
Jean-Philippe Uzan
Keyword(s):  
Ceteris Paribus

Kostenaspekte der frühen Diagnose und Pharmakotherapie beim Morbus Parkinson

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 844-849
Author(s):  
B. Akmaz ◽  
W. Janetzky ◽  
B. A. Kuchinke
Keyword(s):  
Medikamentöse Therapie ◽  
Morbus Parkinson ◽  
Ceteris Paribus ◽  
Schweregrad Der Erkrankung ◽  
Frühzeitige Diagnose ◽  
Diagnose Und Therapie

ZusammenfassungDie Kosten extrapyramidaler Erkrankungen, z. B. des idiopathischen Parkinson-Syndroms (IPS), nehmen in Deutschland ständig zu und haben 2008 bei mehr als 2,3 Milliarden Euro gelegen. Dies entspricht im Vergleich zu 2006 einem Anstieg von 10,84%. Wegen des progredienten Charakters von Morbus Parkinson werden im Rahmen dieses Beitrags drei Fragen gestellt und analysiert: wie hoch die jähr-lichen Kosten für IPS-Patienten sind, ob einzelne Schweregrade der Erkrankung zu unterschiedlichen Kosten führen und ob eine frühzeitige Diagnose und Therapie ceteris paribus nicht nur einen Nutzen für den Patienten darstellt, sondern gleichzeitig auch Kosteneinsparpotenziale realisiert werden. Auf Basis von Studien sowie eigener Berechnungen wird gezeigt, dass die Kosten pro Jahr und Patient bis zu 18 680 Euro (H&Y IV und V) betragen und erheblich vom Schweregrad der Erkrankung abhängen. Darauf aufbauend wird diskutiert, ob durch eine frühzeitige medikamentöse Therapie und eine Verlangsamung des Verlaufs der Erkrankung ein erhebliches Kostensenkungspotenzial besteht.

J. M. Keynes as the Last Economist of Mainstream and a Precursor of Theoretical and Methodological Pluralism

2008 ◽  
pp. 120-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Economic Science ◽  
Methodological Pluralism ◽  
Current State ◽  
Science In Russia ◽  
The Difference

The article shows the methodological ambiguity of Keynes’ ideas. The simplified treatment of his views on the part of his followers is criticized. The author shows the difference between Keynes’ methodological disputes with classics and his debate with mathematical economists and econometricians, in particular with J. Tinbergen. It is shown that methodological discussions of 1930-1940 are actual for the assessment of the current state of economic science in Russia.

Evaluation of the accuracy indicators in determination of the coating thickness by crater grinding method

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
K. V. Gogolinsky ◽  
A. E. Ivkin ◽  
V. V. Alekhnovich ◽  
A. Yu. Vasiliev ◽  
A. E. Tyurnina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coating Thickness ◽  
Functional Dependence ◽  
Measurement Procedure ◽  
Metrological Certification ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Properties Of Coatings ◽  
Special Equipment ◽  
Grinding Method ◽  
Accuracy Of Measurements ◽  
Wide Range

Thickness is one of the key indicators characterizing the quality and functional properties of coatings. Various indirect methods (electromagnetic, radiation, optical) most often used in practice to measure thickness are based on the functional dependence of a particular physical parameter of the system «base – coating» on the coating thickness. The sensitivity of these procedures to the certain properties of coatings imposes the main restriction to the accuracy of measurements. Therefore, the development and implementation of the approaches based on direct measurements of geometric parameters of the coating appears expedient. These methods often belong to the class of «destructive» and, in addition to measuring instruments, require the use of special equipment. To ensure the uniformity of measurements in the laboratory or technological control, these methods are isolated as a separate procedure (method) and must undergo metrological certification in accordance with GOST R 8.563–2009. We present implementation, metrological certification and practical application of the method for measuring thickness of coatings by crater-grinding method. The principles of technical implementation of test equipment, measurement procedure and calculation formulas are described. The results of evaluating the accuracy indicators of the proposed procedure by calculation and experimental methods are presented. In both cases, the relative error did not exceed 6%. The applicability of the developed technique is shown for a wide range of coating materials (from soft metals to superhard ceramics) of different thickness (with from units to hundreds of micrometers). Apart from the goals of process control and outgoing inspection, the method can be recommended as a reference measurement procedure for calibration of measures and adjusting samples for various types of thickness gauges.

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