ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF THE IDEA OF ADMINISTRATIVE JUSTICE. HISTORICAL ASPECT

The reform of all branches of government in the Russian Federation is caused by the need to implement the idea of building a rule-of-law state and increase the effectiveness of the fight against corruption and arbitrariness of all branches of government. Improving the mechanism of functioning of the executive power both at the federal and regional levels, increasing the responsibility of officials for the decisions taken should have a legal basis. The article considers the historical aspect of the emergence and formation of the concept of “administrative justice”, “administrative courts”, “administrative proceedings”. The problem has a long history: starting with the emergence of the idea itself in France and Germany, continued by research in the field of administrative and legal science in Russia. The views of scientists on the problems of the formation and functioning of administrative justice in the Russian Federation at different historical stages of the development of society and depending on the political and state structure are given. The necessity of improving legislation in the light of the decisions taken related to the establishment of administrative justice in the Russian Federation, the adoption of the Code of Administrative Procedure of the Russian Federation is emphasized. The dynamics of the processes taking place in Russia related to the formation of administrative justice is investigated. The role of administrative justice and its influence on management processes in the state are considered. The authors noted the importance of administrative justice in the process of solving the problem of combating corruption by the state and society in all spheres of life of society and the state.

At the Forefront of Transport Education and Industrial Science in Russia: the 125th Anniversary of Russian University of Transport

The article is dedicated to the 125th anniversary of the founding of Russian University of Transport (MIIT), the largest transport university in the country. Over the years of its existence, the University has gone from an engineering school to a national-wide transport university, a leading center for science and education.The history of the University is examined through the prism of formation and development of schools of sciences. The University established world-known schools of sciences of structural mechanics and bridge construction, hydraulic theory of friction, bridge construction and welding, structural mechanics, design and operation of railways, design and thermal calculations of steam locomotives, etc.Over the years, the University has trained many tens of thousands of highly qualified specialists for the transport industry of the country. Loyalty to traditions, the ability to respond to demands of the time and work for the future allow Russian University of Transport to remain in the ranks of the leading universities in Russia.

“The Case of Professors” in 1821 at St. Petersburg University in the history of Russian statistics

This publication is written in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the “Case of Professors" of St. Petersburg University, which heralds the important stage in the formation of conservative policy of the Russian government in the sphere of science and education. The object of this research is the impact of the events of 1821 upon the development of government science in Russia – the early direction of statistical science. The author analyzes the prerequisites for the emergence of political-economic direction of government science in Russia, draws parallel with the traditional German school, outlines the key peculiarities – attempt to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the phenomena under review, establish causal relationships between them, appose government science with political economics. In the course of the “Case of Professors”, two of the most prominent representatives of this scientific direction – C. T. Hermann and K .I. Arsenyev were exposed to harsh criticism by the officials of the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Public Education. Leaning on the published and archival sources, the article explores the arguments of M. L. Magnitsky, I. S. Laval, A. N. Golitsyn on the topic of teaching statistics at the university. The conclusion is made that the major complaint of the officials to the teaching techniques and scientific works of Hermann and Arsenyev was their extensive interpretation of the subject of statistical science. The opponents of the scholars sought to bring the government science back to the traditional for the XVIII century descriptive school, as well as limit it solely to the empirical methods. It is indicated that the prohibition against using the works of Hermann and Arsenyev in the educational institutions entail significant consequences and halted the development of political-economic direction of government science for over two decades. The university statistical education returned to this tradition only after 1835, with the adoption of the new university charter.

GRIGORY IVANOVICH FISCHER VON WALDHEIM AND HIS ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NATURAL SCIENCE IN RUSSIA

Grigory Ivanovich Fischer von Waldheim (Johann Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim) was an outstanding Russian naturalist-encyclopedist of German origin, an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and an honorary professor at Moscow University. From 1804 until the end of his life he worked in Moscow. Author of numerous works on entomology, paleontology, mineralogy and geology. His monographs Entomography of Russia and Orictography of the Moscow Gubernia played an important role in the development of natural science in Russia. G.I. Fischer is the founder of scientific zoology and paleontology in Russia, the founder of Moscow University’s Museum of Natural History as a new type of museum, one of the founders and the first director of the Moscow Society of Nature Experts, which still exists today.

The Fate of Humanism in the 20th Century and the Poetry of Osip Mandelstam: The Poem Lamarck and the Idea of Regression in Its Application to Culture

The article focuses not so much the poetic and stylistic features of Osip Mandelstam’s work, which are of interest to philologists (these have largely been researched), as its cultural aspects. To fill this gap, it is important to compare Mandelstam’s lyric with his prose, theory, criticism, and journalism. We believe that the poet’s statements in these genres provide many answers to the question of his attitude to culture. In general, a cultural analysis of Mandelstam’s poetry has not yet been undertaken. Meanwhile, a lot of whimsical and rather obscure associations in his lyric can be understood only with the help of his implied statements about a specific culture, with parallels to other cultures. In particular, we investigate the poet’s interest in philosophy and natural sciences, which is expressed both in his poems and in his assessments of modern processes. The theoretical works also shed light on Mandelstam’s poetic experiments. The article is based on an attempt to unravel the meaning contained in his poem Lamarck. This circumstance generated the analysis of the poet’s special interest in natural sciences, in the ideas of Lamarck and other researchers. The references to natural sciences allowed Mandelstam to get around the insolubility of the problem of the fate of culture, if we proceed from the state of the social and humanitarian sciences, characteristic of the post-revolutionary period in the development of science in Russia. The statement is substantiated by the fact that these sciences did not discuss the problems of culture, and if they did, the discussion was subordinate to Bolshevist ideology. At the same time, the poet’s thoughts are consonant with the concept of O. Spengler. Mandelstam also inclines to biologism in his vision of culture. The interest in Spengler’s morphology also explains O. Mandelstam’s attraction to the natural sciences. The article concludes that the poet’s judgments lie outside the methodological disputes that exist in academic science. Mandelstam was more interested in the fate of European and, accordingly, Russian culture, especially the fate of humanism, whose values were challenged in the 20th century.

The Role of the Council of Europe in the International Cooperation between Russian and European Forensic Organizations

The globalization processes in Europe have allowed international crime to become more global and diversified. The appliance of various forms of forensic knowledge and expertise plays an essential role in current judicial proceedings. Among multiple European cooperation formats, the Council of Europe holds a special place as an international organization that promotes cooperation among its members in standards of the rule of law, human rights, democratic development, and cultural interaction. The year 2021 marks a quarter of a century since the Russian Federation’s participation in the Council of Europe. The authors perceive this date’s significance through the interaction of Russian and European forensic organizations within the framework of the European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI). It was Russia’s membership in the Council of Europe that allowed the lead forensic institutions of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs and Ministry of Justice to join ENFSI and actively participate in its work for many years. The article observes the chronology of the key ENFSI events highlighting its evolvement as the lead pan-European forensic expert organization, the basic principles of which were predetermined by the Council of Europe. As an illustrative example of previous cooperation in solving challenging expert problems is proposed the international program initiated by the Russian party and implemented by ENFSI in 2005–2008 to validate complex methods to identify the products containing platinum group metals produced by mining and metallurgical companies. Subsequently, the consolidated position of European and Russian forensic experts at the St. Petersburg International Legal Forum venue in 2013–2015 served as a powerful impetus for practical development of standardization and accreditation issues in forensic science in Russia. Current problematics of cooperation is mainly devoted to the issues of ensuring the quality of forensic examination, reliability of its conclusions, consolidation of expert databases. The authors also note some interaction problems between forensic organizations resulting from different legal systems, cultural traditions, and scientific schools.

Prospects for digital evaluation of the dissertation

Currently, one of the most important components of scientific activity is the writing and subsequent defense of a candidate's / doctoral dissertation. It is revealed that, despite the rapid digitalization of the educational process in the scientific paradigm of the whole world, including Russia, there is no single digital assessment of the dissertation. The current system of evaluation of a dissertation based on the one-dimensional designation "yes" or "no" does not allow to objectively and impartially determine the scientific value of the dissertation. The author proposed a methodology for evaluating dissertations on a one-hundred-point scale, where the researcher with the highest score on the defense of the dissertation (91-100) would be provided with financial support from the state to continue promising scientific research, while at the same time being an advantage in the competition for his election to the Russian Academy of Sciences. The author is critical of the conditions of the state and prospects of the development of science in Russia, considering it unfair to neglect the system of evaluation in the defense of dissertations, which leads to a constant outflow of young researchers abroad. In the perspective of applying the digital assessment of the dissertation, the support of talented scientists in obtaining high scores in the defense of the dissertation at the local, regional and federal levels is considered.

FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY GEOGRAPHICAL SCIENCE IN RUSSIA

The article gives a brief overview, which reflects the history of formation and development of military geography in Russia, the change of paradigms at different historical stages, as well as some tasks of teaching modern military geographical science. Prospects of using modern technologies in forming professional competencies of cadets are outlined.

ФУНДАМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ИСТОРИКО-КУЛЬТУРНОГО И ПРИРОДНОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ РОССИИ: ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ АСПЕКТ

The article briefly describes research activities of the today's Russian communities engaged in work on study of domestic historical, cultural, and natural heritage. The author stresses out the leading role of Likhachev Russian Research Institute for Cultural and Natural Heritage (Moscow, Russia) and units of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow, Russia) in conducting and coordinating basic research practices in related sector of science in Russia-wide level. On the author's view, at the current time there are two approaches to studying historical, cultural, and natural heritage in Russia: complex and problem-thematic.In 2020–2021, there were announced developing multidisciplinary inter-regional communities of institutes (consortiums) that will be able to accumulate administrative, scientific, educational, cultural, public sources for attacking the immediate research problems.

The Category of Legal Reality in Modern Legal Science in Russia

The term “legal reality” is rarely used in Russian law. In this regard, the relevance of the article is due to the importance of such a phenomenon as legal reality in the framework of lawmaking and law enforcement. The purpose of the article is to analyze the application of the concepts of “law” and “reality” in Russian law, as well as to investigate the category of legal reality in modern legal science in Russia, to reveal the essence of this phenomenon in its various aspects. The possibility of establishing the boundaries of legal reality has been investigated and its components and a way of comprehension have been determined. The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of cognizing social phenomena. It has been established that legal reality, being a certain legal space, a regulator of public relations, is a multi-stage pyramid, consisting of consciousness and perception of the individual, certain attitudes, thoughts, as well as the peculiarities of the interaction of state authorities with citizens. Based on the research carried out, the concept of “legal reality” is given.