Mother-Infant Relationships in Three Species of Macaques (Macaca Mulatta, M. Nemestrina, M. Arctoides). I. Development of the Mother-Infant Relationship in the First Three Months

Behaviour ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 131 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 75-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Maestripieri
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Functional Significance ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Behavior Support ◽  
Macaque Species ◽  
Infant Independence

AbstractThis study compared mother-infant relationships in rhesus, pigtail, and stumptail macaques living in large captive social groups. Mother-infant pairs were focally observed in 4 weekly 30-min sessions for the first 12 weeks of infant life. Rhesus and stumptail infants were active earlier than pigtail infants, and rhesus mothers further encouraged infant independence by frequently breaking contact with them and rejecting them. Rhesus mothers also restrained their infants, presumably in circumstances where a danger for them was perceived. Pigtail mothers were more protective than rhesus mothers and not as encouraging of infant independence as rhesus mothers. Stumptail mothers scored low on both protectiveness and rejection measures. The functional significance of some differences in mother-infant relationships is tentatively explained on the basis of reproductive, ecological, and social characteristics of rhesus, pigtail, and stumptail macaques. Data on scratching behavior support the hypothesis that behavioral differences among macaque species are associated, at the proximate level, with differences in temperament or emotional reactivity.

Infant handling enhances social bonds in free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Behaviour ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 154 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 875-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica S. Dunayer ◽  
Carol M. Berman
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Early Handling ◽  
Infant Handling ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship

Throughout the primate order, individuals are highly motivated to handle infants that are not their own. Given the differing and often conflicting interests of the various participants in handling interactions (handler, infant, and mother), most functional hypotheses are specific to particular handling roles. Here we explore one hypothesis that may apply to all participants, but that has received relatively little attention: that handling may facilitate the formation and maintenance of social bonds. Using free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, we examine the relationship between infant handling in the early weeks and the strength and diversity of infant social bonds months later, when infant relationships were more independent from those of their mothers. Our results largely confirm the influence of several social characteristics (kinship, rank, sex, and age) in governing handling interactions. They also provide the first evidence that early handling is associated with later social bonds that are stronger than expected based on these social characteristics. However, the enhancement of bonds is largely confined to related handlers; frequent unrelated handlers did not generally go on to form strong bonds with infants. This suggests that kinship may be a sort of prerequisite to the enhancement of social bonds via handling. Given the adaptive benefits of strong social bonds among adult primates, future research should investigate whether early infant handling may have longer term fitness effects.

scholarly journals Divergencias y encuentros locutivos en el habla de dos grupos sociales

2015 ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
César Marcelo Díaz Pacheco
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Linguistic Community ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Linguistic Variables ◽  
Social Variables

ResumenEs un hecho evidente que las personas que forman parte de una comunidad idiomática determinada no hablan del mismo modo.  la presente investigación pretende analizar las diferencias y similitudes de tipo fraseológico existentes en la forma de habla de dos grupos sociales distintivos de la Quinta Región de Chile. Para ello, se contrastaron dos grupos de estudiantes de enseñanza media,pertenecientes a un establecimiento municipal y un establecimiento subvencionado de la zona, respectivamente.Palabras clave: locuciones, frases hechas, variables sociales, variables lingüísticasDisagreements and locutionary similarities in thespeech of two social groupsAbstractIt is a well known fact that people who belong to a particular linguistic community do not speak at a similar way. In this sense, different studies have considered a lot of differences, for which reason, they look for its origin in differents factors : social characteristics of thespeaker (like being man or woman, young or adult, and so forth), social characteristics o fthe interlocutors (for example, to have more or less status that the speaker), the geographicenviroment in which the interaction is developed, and so on. Whithin this framework, this investigation tries to analyze the differences and similarities of phraseological typethat exist in the form of speaking of two distinctive social groups of the Fifth Region of Chile.Key words : idioms, set phrases, social variables, linguistic variables

TOLERANCE AS A CONDITION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3/1) ◽  
pp. 167-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. NEFEDYEVA ◽  
E. V. ZIMINA
Keyword(s):  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
State University ◽  
The Disabled ◽  
Limited Health

In the article results of sociological research of quality of tolerance  and features of tolerant attitudes in the student's environment are  resulted. The survey was conducted in the form of a questionnaire survey of students at the Baikal State University.  General views of the student youth about tolerance and intolerance,  their essential expression were considered. The main types of  tolerance are revealed depending on ethnic, psychophysical, demographic and other social characteristics. The  estimation of tolerance among students in small social groups is  given. The reasons and methods for resolving disagreements and  conflicts manifested on the basis of intolerant behavior and  relationships were studied. The students' opinion on the level of  tolerance in modern society among representatives of different  national groups, social strata, different faiths, political opinions, etc.  is considered. Particular attention is paid to the manifestation of  tolerance towards people with disabilities and limited health  opportunities. The reasons for intolerance in relations between  different social groups are indicated. The degree of influence on the  tolerance of various factors (health, religion, nationality, status, etc.)  has been revealed. The students' opinion on the necessity of  manifestation (observance) of tolerant attitude to the  representatives of certain social groups, in particular, to the disabled, ethnic and religious communities, the low-income and others is  considered.

scholarly journals BEHAVIORAL DIFFERENCES IN THE RAT SELECTED FOR HIGH AND LOW EMOTIONAL REACTIVITY (2)

1978 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
NORIO NAKAMURA ◽  
ISAO ABE ◽  
OSAMU FUJITA
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Behavioral Differences

Behavioral differences in three Wistar Han rat lines for emotional reactivity, cognitive processing and ethanol intake

2013 ◽  
Vol 110-111 ◽  
pp. 102-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja A. Goepfrich ◽  
Christian Gluch ◽  
Chris M. Friemel ◽  
Miriam Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Emotional Reactivity ◽  
Ethanol Intake ◽  
Behavioral Differences

Genealogical Mating Activity in Free-Ranging Groups of Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta) On Cayo Santiago

Behaviour ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 45 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 225-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Missakian
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
Cayo Santiago ◽  
Mating Activity ◽  
Behavioral Observations ◽  
Free Ranging

AbstractBehavioral observations on a large group of free-ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were carried out on Cayo Santiago from January I968 through December I969 and from October through December I970. Records of mating activity (single mounts, mount series, copulations) indicated that genealogical mating activity on Cayo Santiago had the following characteristics : (I) 5.4% of all recorded mount series and copulations involved mother-son pairs; (2) mating was observed in 3I% of 26 individual pairs of mothers and sons; (3) mating was seen in I2% of 42 individual pairs of brothers and sisters; (4) of I0 instances of mother-son mating, seven involved pairs in which the mother was dominant to the son; (5) mating in mother-son and brother-sister pairs occurred in high and low ranking genealogies within the group; (6) with two exceptions, all three to five-year old males who did engage in sexual activity with their mothers did not mate with non-related females during that breeding season; and (7) with one exception, all instances of mother-son and brother-sister mating involved males from three to five years of age. These findings are in sharp contrast to observations made on a smaller group on Cayo Santiago. Possible causes for this difference between social groups of different size are discussed.

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