Visual displays in a nocturnal rhacophorid frog (Buergeria japonica)

Behaviour ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Nigel K. Anderson ◽  
Henry D. Legett ◽  
Ikkyu Aihara ◽  
Ximena E. Bernal
Keyword(s):  
Visual Display ◽  
Visual Displays ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Iriomote Island ◽  
Nocturnal Species ◽  
Substrate Level ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract We report a visual display, leg-stretching, in the nocturnal Ryukyu Kajika frog (Buergeria japonica) on Iriomote Island in southern Okinawa, Japan. This visual display is produced by males before, during, or after a vocalization and involves the extension of one or both hindlimbs outwards at substrate level. Leg-stretches in this species are performed during male-male agonistic interactions in choruses, and almost exclusively in concert with aggressive vocalizations. These observations are one of the first reports of visual displays for the Rhacophoridae family and provide insights into why visual displays evolve in frogs, especially in nocturnal species. We discuss our observations in the context of underlying mechanisms and selective pressures driving the evolution of anuran visual displays.

Visual Display Format Affects the Ability of Anesthesiologists to Detect Acute Physiologic Changes: A Laboratory Study Employing a Clinical Display Simulator

1995 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1184-1193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keerti Gurushanthaiah ◽  
Matthew B. Weinger ◽  
Carl E. Englund
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Study ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Visual Displays ◽  
Display Format ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Monitoring Performance

Abstract Background Anesthesiologists use data presented on visual displays to monitor patients' physiologic status. Although studies in nonmedical fields have suggested differential effects on performance among display formats, few studies have examined the effect of display format on anesthesiologist monitoring performance.

Modeling the Cognitive Complexity of Visual Displays

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 675-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Eggleston ◽  
Richard A. Chechile ◽  
Rebecca N. Fleischman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Semantic Network ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Visual Displays

An approach for measuring the cognitive complexity of visual display formats is presented. The approach involves modeling both the knowledge that can be extracted from a format and the knowledge an operator brings to a task. A semantic network formalism is developed to capture task-relevant knowledge, from which four orthogonal predictor measures of cognitive complexity are derived. In an experiment, seven different avionic missions, performed with the aid of a horizontal situation display, were studied, and three of the predictor measures were found to correlate significantly with observed task difficulty. The results indicate that a semantic network formalism can be used to produce an objective metric of format quality in terms of cognitive complexity.

Evaluation of Auditory, Visual, and Dual-Mode Displays for Prolonged Sonar Monitoring in Repeated Sessions

1975 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 425-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Peter Colquhoun
Keyword(s):  
Common Factor ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Warning Stimulus ◽  
Visual Displays ◽  
Dual Mode ◽  
Auditory Displays ◽  
Sensory Mode ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Signal Detectability

Using a task which closely simulated the actual output from a sonar device, the performance of 12 subjects was observed for a total of 115 hr in repeated prolonged monitoring sessions under auditory, visual, and dual-mode display conditions. Despite an underlying basic superiority of signal discriminability on the visual display, and the occurrence of long-term practice effects, detection rate was consistently and substantially higher under the auditory condition, and higher again with the dual-mode display. These results are similar to those obtained by earlier workers using artificial laboratory tasks for shorter periods, and are consistent with the notion that auditory displays have greater attention-gaining capacity in a “vigilance” situation. A further comparison of the auditory and visual displays was then made in an “alerted” situation, where the possible occurrence of a signal was indicated by a warning stimulus in the alternative sensory mode. Ten subjects were observed for a total of 57 hr in these conditions, under which performance was found to be clearly superior with the visual display. Cross-modal correlations of performance indicated the presence of a common factor of signal detectability within subjects. It was concluded that where efficiency both in the initial detection of targets and their subsequent identification and tracking are equally important, the best solution would seem to be to retain both auditory and visual displays and to ensure that these are monitored concurrently.

The evolutionary paths to collective rituals: An interdisciplinary perspective on the origins and functions of the basic social act

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Lang
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Psychology Of Religion ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Hunter Gatherers ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Early Homo ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Evolutionary Paths

The present article is an elaborated and upgraded version of the Early Career Award talk that I delivered at the IAPR 2019 conference in Gdańsk, Poland. In line with the conference’s thematic focus on new trends and neglected themes in psychology of religion, I argue that psychology of religion should strive for firmer integration with evolutionary theory and its associated methodological toolkit. Employing evolutionary theory enables to systematize findings from individual psychological studies within a broader framework that could resolve lingering empirical contradictions by providing an ultimate rationale for which results should be expected. The benefits of evolutionary analysis are illustrated through the study of collective rituals and, specifically, their purported function in stabilizing risky collective action. By comparing the socio-ecological pressures faced by chimpanzees, contemporary hunter-gatherers, and early Homo, I outline the selective pressures that may have led to the evolution of collective rituals in the hominin lineage, and, based on these selective pressures, I make predictions regarding the different functions and their underlying mechanisms that collective rituals should possess. While examining these functions, I echo the Early Career Award and focus mostly on my past work and the work of my collaborators, showing that collective rituals may stabilize risky collective action by increasing social bonding, affording to assort cooperative individuals, and providing a platform for reliable communication of commitment to group norms. The article closes with a discussion of the role that belief in superhuman agents plays in stabilizing and enhancing the effects of collective rituals on trust-based cooperation.

scholarly journals Deceptive vocal duets and multimodal display in a songbird

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1864) ◽  
pp. 20171774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Ręk ◽  
Robert D. Magrath
Keyword(s):  
Group Living ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
Song Type ◽  
Visual Displays ◽  
Visual Component ◽  
Song Types ◽  
Multimodal Signalling ◽  
Australian Magpie ◽  
Vocal Duets

Many group-living animals cooperatively signal to defend resources, but what stops deceptive signalling to competitors about coalition strength? Cooperative-signalling species include mated pairs of birds that sing duets to defend their territory. Individuals of these species sometimes sing ‘pseudo-duets’ by mimicking their partner's contribution, but it is unknown if these songs are deceptive, or why duets are normally reliable. We studied pseudo-duets in Australian magpie-larks, Grallina cyanoleuca , and tested whether multimodal signalling constrains deception. Magpie-larks give antiphonal duets coordinated with a visual display, with each sex typically choosing a different song type within the duet. Individuals produced pseudo-duets almost exclusively during nesting when partners were apart, but the two song types were used in sequence rather than antiphonally. Strikingly, birds hid and gave no visual displays, implying deceptive suppression of information. Acoustic playbacks showed that pseudo-duets provoked the same response from residents as true duets, regardless of whether they were sequential or antiphonal, and stronger response than that to true duets consisting of a single song type. By contrast, experiments with robot models showed that songs accompanied by movements of two birds prompted stronger responses than songs accompanied by movements of one bird, irrespective of the number of song types or singers. We conclude that magpie-larks used deceptive pseudo-duets when partners were apart, and suppressed the visual display to maintain the subterfuge. We suggest that the visual component of many species' duets provides the most reliable information about the number of signallers and may have evolved to maintain honesty in duet communication.

Convergence to the tiniest detail: vocal sac structure in torrent-dwelling frogs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agustín J Elias-Costa ◽  
Julián Faivovich
Keyword(s):  
Background Noise ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Character State ◽  
Visual Displays ◽  
State Reconstruction ◽  
Ancestral Character State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancestral Character State Reconstruction ◽  
Detection And Recognition

Abstract Cascades and fast-flowing streams impose severe restrictions on acoustic communication, with loud broadband background noise hampering signal detection and recognition. In this context, diverse behavioural features, such as ultrasound production and visual displays, have arisen in the evolutionary history of torrent-dwelling amphibians. The importance of the vocal sac in multimodal communication is being increasingly recognized, and recently a new vocal sac visual display has been discovered: unilateral inflation of paired vocal sacs. In the diurnal stream-breeding Hylodidae from the Atlantic forest, where it was first described, this behaviour is likely to be enabled by a unique anatomical configuration of the vocal sacs. To assess whether other taxa share this exceptional structure, we surveyed torrent-dwelling species with paired vocal sacs across the anuran tree of life and examined the vocal sac anatomy of exemplar species across 18 families. We found striking anatomical convergence among hylodids and species of the distantly related basal ranid genera Staurois, Huia, Meristogenys and Amolops. Ancestral character state reconstruction identified three new synapomorphies for Ranidae. Furthermore, we surveyed the vocal sac configuration of other anuran species that perform visual displays and report observations on what appears to be unilateral inflation of paired vocal sacs, in Staurois guttatus – an extremely rare behaviour in anurans.

Visual Masking of Targets Displayed against Two-And Three-Dimensional Backgrounds

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1171-1178
Author(s):  
R. B. Lawson ◽  
Cynthia Whitmore ◽  
Dawn Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Visual Masking ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Visual Displays ◽  
Detection Thresholds

Detection thresholds for targets displayed against two- and three-dimensional backgrounds were measured under backward masking and non-masking conditions. The results indicate that planar ring targets displayed against a two-dimensional ground are easier to mask than identical targets portrayed against a three-dimensional background. Also, the detectability of a planar ring target is enhanced when it is included within a three-dimensional rather than an identical but two-dimensional visual display. These results confirm and extend previous findings and suggest a processing asymmetry biased toward three-dimensional visual displays.

Development of A Standard Methodology for Optimizing Remote Visual Displays for Nuclear Maintenance Tasks

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 454-456
Author(s):  
Margaret M. Clarke ◽  
John Garin ◽  
Andrea Preston-Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Television Viewing ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Learning Effects ◽  
Visual Displays ◽  
High Radiation ◽  
Work History ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Visual Motor ◽  
Motor Dexterity

Optimal closed-circuit television viewing is a critical component in the development of remote teleoperator systems for the performance of complex work in high radiation environments. This paper describes the development of a methodology whereby the visual display components of such a system can be optimized from a human factors viewpoint. The following steps were taken: (1) Identification of generic remote tasks using chronology of typical operations, equipment specifications, and projections of maintenance and repair requirements. (2) Specification of task remote visual cue requirements on which experimental remote visual displays (independent variables) were designed. (3) Measurement of subjects’ task-related characteristics: general aptitude, work history, television habits, vision, and visual motor dexterity. (4) Design and implementation of an experiment to identify optimal remote visual displays as related to remote task performance (dependent variable). (5) Treatment of learning effects. The paper concludes with a discussion of the advantages of this method, the incorporation of subjects and experimental observations into future studies, and suggestions for the applicability of this methodology to other related remote visual display areas.

Helmet Mounted Display Layouts

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1495-1498
Author(s):  
Victor S. Finomore ◽  
Christopher K. McClernon ◽  
Jantz V. Johnson ◽  
Jacob K. Snow ◽  
Jessica M. Steuber
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Attention Allocation ◽  
Visual Displays ◽  
Information Displays ◽  
Head Mounted Displays ◽  
Alternative Means

Head mounted displays (HMDs) are being explored as an alternative means of displaying relevant information to dismounted operators. The goal of this project was to examine different visual display concepts and evaluate participant’s attention allocation to information presented on their HMD. Additionally, their ability to detect potential threats in the environment was also evaluated. This information will help revamp the design of information displays for HMDs. The task in this study required participants to monitor their HMD for critical alerts and respond accordingly while also making shoot/no shoot decisions to threats in their environment. We hypothesized that as information is presented in different layouts on the HMD, it will reduce the participants’ ability to detect real world events. Accuracy of the shoot/no shoot decisions was collected along with accuracy of detection of information on the HMD. We found that shooting performance was not affected between the three HMD layouts however information detected on the HMD was worst when all information was in the center of the HMD. The data from this study will be used to help develop intelligent visual displays used by Battlefield Airmen to accomplish their mission.

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