Perthia N. G. (Amphipoda, Gammaridae) From Fresh Water of Western Australia, With Remarks On the Genera Neoniphargus and Uroctena

Crustaceana ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milan Straškraba
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Western Australia

Seasonal meromixis in three hypersaline lakes on Rottnest Island, Western Australia

1984 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
SE Bunn ◽  
DHD Edward
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Clear Water ◽  
Freshwater Input ◽  
Hypersaline Lakes

Three of the six permanent hypersaline lakes on Rottnest Island become meromictic 'hot lakes' during winter and spring. An important factor contributing to this transient stratification is a surface input of fresh water from seepages around the lakes, which overlays the existing hypersaline layer. Heat penetrates to the monimolimnion of these clear-water lakes and is trapped by the insulating effect of the overlying less-saline water. The disappearance of the stratification at the onset of summer is thought to be due to reduced freshwater input and evaporation of the less-saline mixolimnion.

scholarly journals Icebergs as a Fresh-Water Source: An Appraisal

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (65) ◽  
pp. 207-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Weeks ◽  
W. J. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Atacama Desert ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Current Technology ◽  
Ross Ice Shelf ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Water Gradient

Abstract A history of the idea of transporting large icebergs to arid regions to provide a fresh-water source is presented and the problem is considered in four main parts: (1) Location of a supply of icebergs. Only in the Antarctic are supplies of large tabular icebergs available. Data on the size distribution of these icebergs are reviewed and it is concluded that icebergs of almost any desired size can readily be located. (2) Towing. Steady-state towing velocities of different sized icebergs are calculated based on estimates of the drag of the icebergs and the bollard pull of tugs. Because drag increases with velocity squared, large icebergs can only be towed at very slow velocities (<c. 0.5 m/s). However, tugs that can be built within the capabilities of current technology are capable of towing extremely large icebergs. (3) Melting in transit. Calculations of melting indicate that, although melting losses are significant and may be excessive for small icebergs, when large icebergs are towed, large amounts of ice are left when the iceberg arrives at its destination. Towing trajectories, travel times, and ice delivery rates are calculated for optimum routes between the Amery Ice Shelf and Western Australia (A–A) and the Ross Ice Shelf and the Atacama Desert (R–A). Forces included in these calculations are towing, air, water, gradient current and Coriolis. Transit times exceed 107 d (A–A) and 145 d (R–A) with over 50% of the initial ice delivered. (4) Economic feasibility. After total towing charges are paid, it is possible to deliver ice to Western Australia for 1.3 mills/m3 of water and to the Atacama Desert region for 1.9 mills/m3. These costs are appreciably less than the expected price of water delivered at these locations (8 mills/m3). The water delivered by the operation of one super-tug alone would irrigate 16 000 km2. Problems related to both iceberg transport and processing are reviewed and although substantial problems do exist, they appear to be within the capabilities of current technology. It is suggested that the overall idea is indeed feasible and should be explored further by specific groups of experts.

scholarly journals Icebergs as a Fresh-Water Source: An Appraisal

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (65) ◽  
pp. 207-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Weeks ◽  
W. J. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Atacama Desert ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Current Technology ◽  
Ross Ice Shelf ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Water Gradient

AbstractA history of the idea of transporting large icebergs to arid regions to provide a fresh-water source is presented and the problem is considered in four main parts: (1) Location of a supply of icebergs. Only in the Antarctic are supplies of large tabular icebergs available. Data on the size distribution of these icebergs are reviewed and it is concluded that icebergs of almost any desired size can readily be located. (2) Towing. Steady-state towing velocities of different sized icebergs are calculated based on estimates of the drag of the icebergs and the bollard pull of tugs. Because drag increases with velocity squared, large icebergs can only be towed at very slow velocities (<c. 0.5 m/s). However, tugs that can be built within the capabilities of current technology are capable of towing extremely large icebergs. (3) Melting in transit. Calculations of melting indicate that, although melting losses are significant and may be excessive for small icebergs, when large icebergs are towed, large amounts of ice are left when the iceberg arrives at its destination. Towing trajectories, travel times, and ice delivery rates are calculated for optimum routes between the Amery Ice Shelf and Western Australia (A–A) and the Ross Ice Shelf and the Atacama Desert (R–A). Forces included in these calculations are towing, air, water, gradient current and Coriolis. Transit times exceed 107 d (A–A) and 145 d (R–A) with over 50% of the initial ice delivered. (4) Economic feasibility. After total towing charges are paid, it is possible to deliver ice to Western Australia for 1.3 mills/m3 of water and to the Atacama Desert region for 1.9 mills/m3. These costs are appreciably less than the expected price of water delivered at these locations (8 mills/m3). The water delivered by the operation of one super-tug alone would irrigate 16 000 km2. Problems related to both iceberg transport and processing are reviewed and although substantial problems do exist, they appear to be within the capabilities of current technology.It is suggested that the overall idea is indeed feasible and should be explored further by specific groups of experts.

Growth and Habits of the Sea Mullet, Mugil dobula Gnnther, in Western Australia

1951 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 193 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
River System ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Considerable Individual Variation ◽  
Incomplete Sampling ◽  
Western Australian

Morphologically and physiologically, the sea mullet of Western Australia seems to be identical with that of the eastern Australian coast. No raciation can be detected either within Western Australian waters or between the stocks of eastern and Western Australia. However, the mean growth rate varies from one estuary to another and from year to year within any particular river system. Growth is isometric and shows considerable individual variation though tending to a mean rate. Increase in length is seasonal, practically stopping in midwinter and reaching a peak in midsummer. The seasons of fish and scale growth are contemporaneons. The annuli form at the end of September or the beginning of October, when growth recommences after the winter cessation. Mullet mature at a size of 31–35 cm. (12 1/2-13 3/4 in. length to caudal fin) at the end of their third year. The movement of mullet from the fishing grounds as they increase in size leads to an incomplete sampling of the population so that Petersen's method of age determination is inappIicable owing to the apparent nonprogression of the modes. Of 7110 mullet tagged, only 97 or 1.35 per cent. were returned. The return for separate tagging operations varied from nil to 25 per cent. and according to localities from nil to 16 per cent. Only three fish were retaken outside the rivers in which they were tagged. These showed a northerly movement. Inside the rivers the young fish spread out over the estuary and into the fresh water; but the older age-groups remain in the slightly brackish or fresh water except during the migration season, when they pass through the saline estuaries on the way to the sea.

A note on the macrofauna of a temporary rainpool in semi-arid Western Australia

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 425 ◽  
Author(s):  
WD Williams
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Semi Arid

The chemistry and macrofauna of a temporary rainpool on soft substrata near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, are described. The ionic composition of the water was dominated by sodium and chloride and salinity was relatively high (5324 ppm). The fauna was depauperate and many faunal groups typical of fresh water were not recorded. Several groups often found in temporary localities were also not recorded, including chironomids. Insects (Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera) dominated the fauna. Also present was a species of frog (larvae) and various crustaceans.

IV.—Notes on Desert-water in Western Australia. ‘Gnamma Holes’ and ‘Night Wells’

1912 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 301-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Maclaren
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Arid Region ◽  
Rock Formation ◽  
Narrow Bands

In the arid region of the goldfields of Western Australia a knowledge of the conditions under which a search for water is most likely to be rewarded is of prime importance to the prospector who may find himself away from the beaten tracks. There is, in the summer, little hope of finding fresh water in the long narrow bands of goldbearing greenstone-schist that run from N.N.W. to S.S.E. through Western Australia, for both the surface and the deep-seated waters of this rock-formation are then salter than those of the sea. When unprovided with ‘condensers’ for the distillation of these waters, the prospector must therefore turn towards the neighbouring granitic areas, and search either for ‘soaks’ or for the remarkable ‘gnamma’ holes of the bare rocky ridges. The first and most reliable of these sources of fresh water—the ‘soaks’ —presents nothing abnormal and requires little description. They are found in the sandy hollows at the foot of granite slopes. A well is sunk in the sand, and the water is baled as it slowly percolates into the bottom of the hole. The supply may vary from a mere trickle to several hundred gallons in twenty-four hours, according to the catchment, to the season, and to the permeability of the sand that has protected the water from evaporation since it was collected in the rock-hollow.

Aplikasi metode tahanan jenis dalam studi geologi karst Gua Seropan di Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
Pulung A. Pranantya ◽  
Nurlia Sadikin
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Resistivity Method ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Underground River ◽  
Initial Exploration

In terms of geology, most areas in south of the Gunungkidul District in Central Java consist of the Wonosari formation limestone. The land is generally very dry and source of raw water is also difficult to reach. Findings on the existence of underground river in caves, however, indicate the potential amount of water within the area, especially in the eastern part of the Gunungkidul District. Although limited information available, some fishermen have discovered that Seropan cave contains fresh water source. This cave is situated at 65 m below the cliff. Initial exploration, which done using a multichannel resistivity method, confirmed the availability of freshwater in the cave and underground river. The isopach of cave depth is found in ranges of 80 200 m below the ground surface. The water of Seropan cave can be utilized by implementing pipeline or by drilling at the suggested point based on the interpretation results, i.e. 110o2223.6388 EL 8o42.874 SL. [DY1][PP2][DY1]Perbaiki grammarIn terms of geology, most areas in south of Gunungkidul District in Central Java consist of the Wonosari formation limestone. The land is generally very dry and source of raw water is also difficult to reach. Findings on the exixtence of underground river in caves, however, indicate potential amount of water within the area especially in eastern part of Gunungkidul District. Although limited information available, some fishermans has discovered that Seropan cave contain fresh water source. This cave is situated at 65 m below the cliff. Initial exploration, which done using multichannel resistivity method, confirmed the availability of freshwater in the cave and underground river. The iso pach of cave depth is found in ranges of 80 200 m below the ground surface. The water of Seropan cave can be utilized by implementing pipeline or by drilling at the suggested point based on the interpretation results i.e. 110o2223.6388 EL 8o42.874 SL.[PP2]Sudah diperbaiki

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