Comparative anatomy, homologies and evolution of mandibular, hyoid and hypobranchial muscles of bony fish and tetrapods: a new insight

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Diogo
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Living Species ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

AbstractThe Osteichthyes, including bony fishes and tetrapods, is a highly speciose group of vertebrates, comprising more than 42000 living species. The anatomy of osteichthyans has been the subject of numerous comparative studies, but these mainly concern osteological structures; much less attention has been paid to muscles. In fact, the most detailed and comprehensive myological comparative analyses that were actually based on a direct observation of representatives of various major osteichthyan groups were provided various decades by authors such as Luther, Kesteven and principally Edgeworth. The present work provides an updated discussion of the homologies and evolution of the osteichthyan mandibular, hyoid and hypobranchial muscles, based on the author's own analyses and on a survey of the literature, both old and recent. The risks of discussing muscle homologies on the basis of a single line of evidence, even when it concerns innervation or development, is emphasized. It is stressed than only by taking into consideration various lines of evidence (e.g. developmental biology, comparative anatomy, functional morphology, paleontology, molecular biology, experimental embryology, innervation and/or phylogeny) it is possible to establish well-grounded hypotheses of muscle homology.

scholarly journals I. The Croonian Lecture. On the structure and uses of the membrana tympani of the ear

1800 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Large Field ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Muscular Action ◽  
Satisfactory Manner

The subject of inquiry appointed by the Croonian Institution, has been greatly elucidated at different times by ingenious members of this learned Society. A large field, however, still remains open; and, respecting future investigations, I shall have occasion to offer a fresh proof of the aid to be derived from comparative anatomy, in ascertaining the structure of parts which, from their minuteness and situation in the human body, admit with much difficulty of being explored. The principal object of the present lecture is to communicate a discovery of the structure of the membrana tympani; which, in some respects, affords a new and very curious instance of the application of muscular action, and may conduce to account for certain phaenomena in the sense of hearing, in a more satisfactory manner than has hitherto been proposed.

The Insanity of the Climacteric Period

1894 ◽  
Vol 40 (169) ◽  
pp. 235-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Goodall ◽  
M. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Direct Observation ◽  
Medical Society ◽  
The West ◽  
The Subject

Although much of a speculative kind appears to have been written upon the subject of climacteric insanity, more especially as regards the pathology of the disorder, the accumulation of actual facts, bearing upon its genesis, symptomatology, and terminations is comparatively small. Exception must be made for the highly practical paper lately read by Dr. Savage at the Medical Society. A further contribution dealing as far as possible with matters of observation may be serviceable. For the purpose of this paper, in addition to the cases coming under the direct observation of the writers, the records of Bethlem (10 years, 102 cases) and the West Riding Asylum, Wakefield (10 years, 120 cases) have been drawn upon. We are indebted to Dr. Salter, Clinical Assistant, Bethlem Hospital, for much assistance in collecting the cases, and Dr. Percy Smith for permission to use the records of Bethlem.

scholarly journals Penguatan Konsep Kombinatorika Siswa SMAN 1 Muara Batu Kabupaten Aceh Utara dalam Menghadapi KSN-K Bidang Matematika 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Herizal Herizal
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Community Service ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
School Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
National Science ◽  
Service Activity ◽  
The Subject

This community service activity aimed to strengthen students’ understanding of  the combinatorics concepts in facing the regency-level of National Science Competition (KSN) in field of mathematics in 2021. The activity was carried out in March-April 2021 for six meetings in the form of training/coaching. The training used both discovery and drilling methods. The location of the activity was at SMAN 1 Muara Batu, North Aceh Regency with four students as the subject who have been selected at the school level and selected to participate in the KSN at the regency level. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively by direct observation to observe the improvement of the students’ comprehension during the learning process. The result obtained was an improvement of the students’ understanding of combinatorics topic. It can be seen in solving problems, the students are able to determine what concepts will be used and able to solve several KSN questions on combinatorics topic.

Metabolic Studies of Environmental Effects

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 824-825
Author(s):  
Albert Dorfman
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Enzyme Systems ◽  
General Lesson ◽  
Developmental Parameter

Perhaps some of the comments already made here about developing a theoretical basis for predictive purposes were in disagreement because opportunities vary greatly with the model under discussion. Certainly the general lesson of molecular biology and biochemistry in the last two decades has been surprisingly opposite to that of toxicology in that metabolic pathways are remarkably similar in range, not merely from mouse to man but even from bacteria to man. It is at times hard to accept the claim that animal models are not too useful for studying teratogenesis. Some principles that have been reviewed today are worth summarizing, because if one thinks of certain parameters, such as the final toxic substance (frequently a metabolite of the original pollutant) there is probably not much difference among various species or organisms. At least so it seems from study of enzyme systems. If one considers simpler situations, such as mercury pollution, he can realize the validity of this concept. THREE PARAMETERS OF TOXICITY One could possibly look at the situation as follows: at various stages of the developmental process, starting from the fertilized ovum and progressing to the mature organism or even the aged organism, there are enzymological differences which have become of interest in developmental biology. In particular, in pediatrics we know about programmed processes that go forward inevitably, and others which are subject to control by hormonal influences, by administration of certain substances, or by induction. In the interpretation of any kind of toxic effect, we must consider if our developmental parameter will or will not be toxic at certain stages of development, as I will ifiustrate later.

Functional Morphology and Comparative Anatomy of Appendicular Musculature in CubanAnolisLizards with Different Locomotor Habits

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 454-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wataru Anzai ◽  
Ayano Omura ◽  
Antonio Cadiz Diaz ◽  
Masakado Kawata ◽  
Hideki Endo
Keyword(s):  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Comparative Anatomy

scholarly journals Electroconvulsive therapy: medical students' attitudes and knowledge

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kinnair ◽  
Sheila Dawson ◽  
Roshan Perera
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Attitudinal Change ◽  
Negative Perceptions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Attitudes And Knowledge ◽  
Students Attitudes

Aims and methodWith increasing numbers of students and falling numbers of individuals receiving electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) it has been difficult to timetable all students to witness ECT, and it has been suggested that this experience may be dispensed with. However, we wondered how the experience of witnessing ECT might enhance students' knowledge and, just as importantly, challenge negative perceptions of ECT. We surveyed students' attitudes and knowledge at the beginning and the end of their 8-week attachment in psychiatry.ResultsThere appears to be a clear benefit in terms of knowledge and positive attitudinal change for students who both witness ECT and receive a lecture on the subject.Clinical implicationsDirect observation of ECT can challenge and affect attitudes in ways a lecture may not. Any changes to the provision of ECT teaching for medical students, including replacing witnessing ECT, needs to be carefully developed and assessed.

Functional Morphology and Biomechanics of Articulate Brachiopod Shells

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 145-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Flume Experiments ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Short Course ◽  
Life Habits ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Paleontological Society ◽  
Scaled Models ◽  
Biomechanical Tests

In the first Paleontological Society short course dealing with functional morphology of extinct brachiopod taxa, Grant (1981, p. 127) emphasized analogy with living species in reconstruction of life habits, but then cited many pitfalls of taxonomic uniformitarianism. The present is hardly the key as to how brachiopod shells functioned in the past, given the plethora of morphologic structures that have vanished since the Paleozoic diversity climax of articulates. Although direct observations (Table 1), such as clasping spines encircling a blastoid columnal (Grant, 1963), or biomechanical tests (e.g., Thayer, 1975a) and flume experiments (e.g., LaBarbera, 1978) on living articulate brachiopods, enable convincing assertion of a morphologic structure's function, indirect methodologies (Savazzi, 1999)(Table 1) have supplanted mere analogies with living brachiopods. Indirect methodologies (Savazzi, 1999, p. 6) reconstruct and infer the function of skeletal structures from theoretical (morphospace) and actual scaled models of extinct taxa, hydrodynamic and biomechanical tests on empty shells, commensal associations with fossilized epibionts, clinal variations in structures over paleogeographic and paleobathymetric gradients, and post-mortem, post-burial orientational evidence. The common denominator of indirect methodologies is that inferences are made on dead shells usually, but not always, from extinct taxa. Although such inferences of skeletal function of extinct taxa vary in the rigor by which they are deduced, indirect methodologies have been increasingly refined over the last 20 years (Table 1).

Evolutionary Biology and Evolutionary Economics

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias L. Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Evolutionary Economics ◽  
Learning By Doing ◽  
Evolutionary Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Evolutionary Economic ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Evolutionary And Developmental Biology

The paper identifies two major conceptual challenges facing evolutionary economics and shows how they parallel similar challenges facing evolutionary and developmental biology. One issue is the differentiation between learning-by-doing, on one hand, and habit formation, on the other. Another issue is the distinction between the cause or origin of evolutionary mutation/innovation, on one side, and the relevant unit which is the subject of evolutionary change, on the other. The failure to identify these two sets of distinction may hinder the articulation of an apropos evolutionary economic theory.

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