scholarly journals International Governance of Oil Spills from Upstream Petroleum Activities in the Arctic: Response over Prevention?

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 668-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Shapovalova-Krout
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
International Governance ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
Offshore Oil Production ◽  
Arctic Conditions ◽  
Robust Regulation

AbstractDiscovery of petroleum resources in Arctic waters and the rapid loss of sea ice raise concerns over environmental risks of oil development in Arctic waters. One of the biggest threats to the marine environment from offshore oil production is a large-scale oil spill, akin to Deepwater Horizon. The challenging operating conditions, lack of infrastructure and effective clean-up techniques in the Arctic conditions exacerbate the need to ensure robust regulation of petroleum activities in the region. Whereas national laws vary extensively across the Arctic States, international law does not offer a uniform approach to prevention of and response to oil spills. This paper examines the scope and application of the relevant treaties and argues that a regulatory gap exists in the prevention of oil spills and addressing the challenges of response in Arctic conditions. It further suggests that there is an increasing role for soft-law regional cooperation in addressing these gaps.

Oil Spills in the Arctic Ocean: Extent of Spreading and Possibility of Large-Scale Thermal Effects

Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 186 (4166) ◽  
pp. 843-845
Author(s):  
R. C. Ayers ◽  
H. O. Jahns ◽  
J. L. Glaeser
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

Arctic Marine Shore Classification for Regional Planning and Environmental Assessment

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 569-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
D M Welch
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Regional Planning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Habitat Assessment ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Comprehensive Planning ◽  
Emergency Measures

Proposed developments of oil and gas in Canada's Arctic may impact severely on shorelines, wildlife and habitats, and native land uses in the coastal zone. The large scale of these projects requires prior comprehensive planning and environmental assessment at regional scales. Along with other social and environmental information, data on shore types is required. This paper describes a Canadian program of Arctic marine shore classification at regional scales. To date, 20 classes of landform association are used to map, at 1:250,000, shore types for about one-third of the Arctic islands. Applications can include the rating of sensitivity to oil spills, logistics planning for monitoring and emergency measures, site selection and habitat assessment, etc. Examples of shore classes and evaluations are given.

Coastal Ecology and the Arctic Oil Industry: Some Elements for Future Oil-Spill Contingency Planning

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
E. Sendstäd
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Oil Contamination ◽  
Active Season ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Offshore Oil Production

The ecological vulnerability of shorelines to oil contamination varies and their self-cleaning ability may be extensive. The ice may restrict the spread of oil. In the biologically active season, oil contamination in this environment will affect an important foodchain. Both the ice and shoreline environments have elements which positively and negatively influence the planning of countermeasures for oil-spills. Offshore oil production in the Arctic is expected to be dependent on enhanced oil recovery (“EOR”). Thus any future environmental impact analyses of the offshore petroleum industry should include this aspect. It is important to analyse the functional aspects of arctic ecology to single out the most vulnerable situations. An oil-spill clean-up plan should avoid vulnerable areas and seasons of the year, and use effective countermeasures in the less sensitive situations.

scholarly journals Simulation of Arctic Cascade Natural Gas Liquefaction Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 136 (5) ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
V. Ch. Ten ◽  
◽  
L. G. Lunkova ◽  
G. S. Melnikov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Aspen Hysys ◽  
Arctic Conditions ◽  
Liquefaction Process

The aim of the work is to study the energy efficiency of the «Arctic Cascade» technology used in the Russian project «Yamal-LNG». The company uses the reserves of the Yuzhno-Tambeyskoye field as a resource base. The relevance of the study is due to the imperfection of technological schemes in terms of the energy efficiency of liquefaction processes, as well as the lack of experience in operating LNG projects in Arctic conditions. This work presents the calculation of energy costs in the production of liquefied natural gas using the «Arctic cascade» technology using the example of the operating conditions of the Yamal-LNG plant, based on the model built in the Aspen Hysys. Modeling the technological scheme made it possible to apply the obtained data for the calculation, as a result of which the specific energy consumption of 230,78 kWh/t per ton of product was determined. It turned out that the technological solution has a significant drawback: a fairly high boil-off gas yield of 15.72% was revealed. This fact reduces the efficiency of the plant and leads to the need to re-feed it into the liquefaction cycle.

scholarly journals Oil Spills in the Arctic Ocean: Extent of Spreading and Possibility of Large-Scale Thermal Effects

Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 186 (4166) ◽  
pp. 843-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Ayers ◽  
H. 0 :Jahns ◽  
J. L. Glaeser ◽  
S. Martin ◽  
W. J. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Arctic Ocean

scholarly journals The elimination of emergency oil spills consequences in the Arctic zone of Russia using the reagent encapsulation technology

2017 ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
E.G. Kholkin ◽  
◽  
L.O. Shtripling ◽  
K.S. Larionov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Oil Products ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Arctic Conditions

Arctic zone of the Russian Federation occupies a large area of the country and it differs from other regions with special climatic conditions. In winter air temperature can be lowered to 70°C below zero in the Arctic, and almost all the territory is located in the permafrost zone. The main potential sources of emergency conditions resulted in oil products used as finished raw materials, fuel and lubricants which will inevitably fall into the soil, are operated machinery and equipment for the hydrocarbons extraction and transportation. Weak self-recovery potential of soils in a short growing season and low temperatures involves the development and use of adapted to arctic conditions technologies for rapid overcoming of accidental oil spills consequences. We propose adapted to arctic conditions technology for rapid consequences elimination of accidents involving oil spills. Decontamination technology of soils polluted with oil products is based on the encapsulation of the pollutant (reagent encapsulation technology) with an alkaline reagent based on calcium. We used as a reagent powdered building quick lime; it is carbonate rock calcine or a mixture of this product with mineral additives (calcium oxide). The main advantage of the reagent encapsulation technology is decontamination efficiency of contaminated soils compared to traditional technologies of decontamination. One more important factor is low market value of lime as compared to other reagents, biological substances and solvents for the oil products extraction. We describe the basic steps of the reagent encapsulation technology in decontamination of soils contaminated with oil products. If we use exotherm process energy of chemical decontamination of soils contaminated with oil products, in combination with a forced feed of carbon dioxide to decontamination zone; then at the stage of coat formation from calcium carbonate on the surface of the pollutant it allows to complete decontamination of soils contaminated with oil products using the reagent encapsulation technology in extreme Arctic natural climatic conditions. We describe the principle of equipment operation allowing to carry out decontamination of soils contaminated with oil products using reagent encapsulation technology in Arctic climatic conditions. Encapsulated material obtained as a result of decontamination of soils contaminated with oil products, is resistant to natural and anthropogenic factors, such as moisture, temperature changes, acid rain and high pressure. We present the results of experimental studies for determining the optimal amount of the reagent required for the efficient completion of the decontamination of snow contaminated with motor oil, and soils contaminated with oil products depending on the degree of contamination and the type of pollutant. Our studies confirm that the reagent encapsulation technology showed good performance in severe climatic conditions and they are suitable for decontamination of soils and snow contaminated with gasoline, diesel fuel and engine oil.

Adsorption Isotherm Predictions for Multiple Molecules in MOFs Using the Same Deep Learning Model

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryther Anderson ◽  
Achay Biong ◽  
Diego Gómez-Gualdrón
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Molecular Simulation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Metal Organic

<div>Tailoring the structure and chemistry of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) enables the manipulation of their adsorption properties to suit specific energy and environmental applications. As there are millions of possible MOFs (with tens of thousands already synthesized), molecular simulation, such as grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC), has frequently been used to rapidly evaluate the adsorption performance of a large set of MOFs. This allows subsequent experiments to focus only on a small subset of the most promising MOFs. In many instances, however, even molecular simulation becomes prohibitively time consuming, underscoring the need for alternative screening methods, such as machine learning, to precede molecular simulation efforts. In this study, as a proof of concept, we trained a neural network as the first example of a machine learning model capable of predicting full adsorption isotherms of different molecules not included in the training of the model. To achieve this, we trained our neural network only on alchemical species, represented only by their geometry and force field parameters, and used this neural network to predict the loadings of real adsorbates. We focused on predicting room temperature adsorption of small (one- and two-atom) molecules relevant to chemical separations. Namely, argon, krypton, xenon, methane, ethane, and nitrogen. However, we also observed surprisingly promising predictions for more complex molecules, whose properties are outside the range spanned by the alchemical adsorbates. Prediction accuracies suitable for large-scale screening were achieved using simple MOF (e.g. geometric properties and chemical moieties), and adsorbate (e.g. forcefield parameters and geometry) descriptors. Our results illustrate a new philosophy of training that opens the path towards development of machine learning models that can predict the adsorption loading of any new adsorbate at any new operating conditions in any new MOF.</div>

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