Waiting for Abkhazia: Secession and Borders as International Legal Instruments in Contested Sovereignty

2020 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Shorena Nikoleishvili
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Law ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The article explores the contested claims for sovereignty of Abkhazia through the lens of secession. It maps the evolution of the law on secession from the early 20th century to the present, with an attempt to find a doctrinal fit to the claims of Abkhazian secession from Georgia. The article suggests that rather than reflecting any of the existing modalities for legal or legitimate secession, Abkhazia together with other cases stemming from the post-Soviet space constitute a sui generis modality for secession. The article argues that this modality has a particularly tragic outcome for all of its participants, sentencing the secessionist regions in the post-Soviet space to a permanent state of flux.

scholarly journals THE IMAGE OF TATTA LAND AND YAKUTSK CITY IN THE FORMATION OF FIGURATIVE GEOGRAPHY IN THE EARLY 21 ST CENTURY

2022 ◽  
pp. 70-73
Author(s):  
И. В. Покатилова ◽  
А. Ф. Лукина
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Specific Region ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Post Soviet Space

Актуальность темы связана с новыми методологическими подходами в исследовании современной культуры Якутии начала 21 века. Авторы попытались применить метод междисциплинарного подхода в исследовании образной географии Якутии начала 21 века на примере проекта «Образная карта - маршрут Таттинского улуса». Город и село в 20 веке являются разными средами обитания современного человека. В первой среде зарождается креативная культура, а во второй - дольше сохраняется традиционная культура. Трансформация традиционной культуры в начале 20 века в городе Якутске привело к зарождению нового креативного типа культуры, а в конце 20 века в постсоветском пространстве формируется образная география конкретного региона или улуса, стянув пространство ландшафта и памятников культурного наследия, что ярко прослеживается на материале Таттинского улуса. The relevance of the topic is related to new methodological approaches in the study of modern culture of Yakutia in the early 21st century. The authors tried to apply the method of an interdisciplinary approach in the study of the figurative geography of Yakutia of the early 20th century by the example of the project "Figurative map - the route of Tatta ulus". City and village in the 20th century are different environments of a modern man. In the first environment, creative culture is born, and in the second, traditional culture is preserved longer. Transformation of traditional culture at the beginning of the 20th century in Yakutsk city led to the birth of a new creative type of culture, and at the end of the 20th century, in the post-Soviet space, a figurative geography of a specific region is formed, pulling together the space of the landscape and cultural heritage monuments, which is clearly seen in the material of Tatta ulus.

scholarly journals ‘Hospital Shields’ and the Limits of International Law

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 439-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neve Gordon ◽  
Nicola Perugini
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Laws Of War ◽  
Threshold Position ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
Spatial Threshold

Abstract Assaults on hospitals have become part of a widespread warfare strategy, propelling numerous actors to claim that belligerents are not being held accountable for attacking medical units. Acknowledging that international humanitarian law (IHL) offers medical units protections, belligerents often claim that the hospitals were being used to shield military targets and therefore the bombing was legitimate. Tracing the history of hospital bombings alongside the development of legal articles dealing with the protection of medical units, we show how, from the early 20th century, international law has introduced a series of exceptions that legitimize attacks on hospitals that were framed as shields. Next, we demonstrate that the shielding argument justifies bombing hospitals because they have ostensibly assumed a threshold position in-between the two axiomatic poles informing the laws of war – combatants and civilians. We argue, however, that medical units tend to occupy a legal and spatial threshold during war and, since IHL does not have the vocabulary to acknowledge the liminal nature of medical units and identifies between liminality and criminality, it introduces several exceptions that help belligerents legitimize their attacks. By way of conclusion, we maintain that the only way to address the deliberate and widespread destruction of medical units is by reforming the law through the introduction of an absolute ban.

The Salami Maker Who Fought the Law

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
sarah digregorio
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Mass Market ◽  
Small Producer ◽  
The Law ◽  
Made In

Since the early 20th century, the Buzzio family has been making and selling traditional Piedmontese charcuterie and fresh sausages out of an unassuming Manhattan storefront. Marc Buzzio, whose father Ugo founded the business, provides all manner of salamis to famous chefs and neighborhood regulars alike. Buzzio works in small batches, crafting his product out of heritage pork, and curing it in his low-tech drying room, the same way it has been done for centuries. But in the summer of 2002, disaster struck in the form of new USDA regulations for dry aged, ready-to-eat products. The regulations were written with industrial producers in mind, not mom-and-pop operations, and certainly not this beloved neighborhood store where dry-cured sausages have been made in the same careful way for nearly eighty years. This story chronicles the struggles of a small producer to adapt to regulations that are increasingly designed for mass-market food production.

scholarly journals PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS VIEWS OF FLORENSKY AND THE IDEA OF ACTUAL INFINITY

2019 ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
Dmitry N. Radul ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Actual Infinity ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Potential Infinity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
The One

The article briefly observes the history of the idea of the actual infinity in European culture until the beginning of the 20th century. Special attention is paid to the role of Cantor set theory in reviving interest in the idea of actual infinity in Western Europe and Russia. The influence of the Cantor’s philosophy of religion on the Western European theology of the late 19th century - early 20th century is given. The influence of Cantor’s ideas on the formation of Florensky’s views is described. A detailed analysis of the application of the idea of actual infinity in the book “The Pillar and the Statement of Truth” is given. Florensky describes the understanding of the connection of Kant’s antinomical of reason and the idea of a potential infinity. The potential infinity is considered by Florensky as a source of imperfection and sinfulness. Special attention is paid to the understanding of truth as actual infinity. The introduction of the actual infinity allows Florensky to remove the one-sidedness of the law of identity and the law of sufficient basis in the Supreme unity...

scholarly journals Wars of Memory: Memorial Legislation in the Post-Soviet Space

2021 ◽  
pp. 019-028
Author(s):  
O. V. Golovashina
Keyword(s):  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Media ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Law ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The origins and the phenomenon of memorial legislation are considered. Special attention is paid to the memorial laws adopted in Russia and Ukraine, as well as the experience of their application. Based on the ideas of F. Artog, the author connects memorial legislation with the new “regime of historicity”, proving that it is a certain type of commemorative practice. The sources for the work were the texts of the adopted legislative acts, the introduced bills and comments, articles in the media, enabling to judge the reaction of the public. On the basis of the studied material, the author draws the following conclusions: memorial legislation is of a political nature, memorial laws are an instrument for solving political problems; the development of memorial legislation makes law dependent on state historical policy, which can lead to a violation of the normative nature of the law; memorial legislation makes it possible to judge the development of historical consciousness and the directions of its change.

scholarly journals SECURITY PROPERTY OR THE INSTITUTE OF PLEDGE ACQUISITION ACCORDING TO THE CIVIL LAW OF ESTONIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Сергей Синицын ◽  
Sergey Sinitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Law ◽  
Security Property ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Post Soviet Space

Legal regulation of proprietary interest in Estonia is associated with adoption of the Law “On the Proprietary Interest” in 1993, which has established the legal framework of the systemic proprietary interest regulation in the Estonian civil law. It must be noted that this law is distinguished by its substantive elaboration of general provisions on proprietary interest and individual elements of the system of proprietary rights (ownership, limited proprietary rights, possession), is prepared on the basis of consistent terminology and with the use of a ramified framework of categories and concepts of civil law. Insight into contents of the Law “On the Proprietary Interest” leaves no doubt as to its long-term elaboration and discussions, with involvement of the legal community and foreign experts, which, it is logical to assume, should have preceded its adoption. However, the reality is that the adoption of the Estonian law “On Proprietary Interest” was a rapid revolutionary step of the national legislators in the post-Soviet space, in the conditions of the crashed system of the socialist civil law and its guiding principles, which, in principle, had not been aware of any regulation of the system of proprietary rights and its individual elements. It is, certainly, possible to assume that the Estonian legislation has borrowed the provisions and institutions which had been regulated by the 1940 draft Civil Code of Estonia, which had been drawn up on the basis of the 1865 Code of Civil Legislations of Baltic (Ostsee) Provinces. However, it is impossible not to see as well that the Estonian law “On Proprietary Interest” has also apprehended the modern traditions of the continental European private law in regulation of certain institutions of proprietary interest, which evidences another manifestation of trends of harmonization and integration of civil law in Europe.

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