Dagestan aul of the NEP era: Touches of everyday life (the first half of the 1920s)

The article examines rural everyday life in Dagestan in the first decade of Soviet power. On the basis of archival documents, the influence of the NEP on the daily life of the rural population, which turned out to be burdensome for them, is revealed. Despite the class approach, the new tax campaign led to a deterioration in the financial situation of the highlander, since it was carried out without taking into account the specifics of the republic’s agriculture. An important factor for improving the financial situation of the population was the effective development of agricultural production, for which it was necessary to implement a whole range of measures: land reclamation, provision of agricultural machinery. In this regard, the state’s assistance, the creation of agricultural partnerships, and the provision of loans were tangible. The author comes to the conclusion that the new economic policy of the state for the Dagestan aul had a twofold character. Although it was intended to develop the production initiative of a small producer, in the end, the tax system was created.

SEMIAUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR OPTIMIZING THERMAL COMFORT AND REDUCING RICE WASTE IN THE POULTRY BREEDING PROCESS OF SMALL PRODUCERS FROM THE INTERIOR OF THE AMAZON REGION

In the Amazon region, the reality of the conventional laying poultry production chain consists of farms with structures that are inferior to those in other regions, with a massive presence of small poultry farmers, without a water, food and air conditioning automation system. The need for improvements in the poultry process that the small producer needs to produce can be linked to the relationship of implementing technology for monitoring equipment or systems. Therefore, the motivation of this study was the creation of a semi-automated system to optimize the thermal comfort of birds and reduce feed waste in the laying poultry production process for small producers in the interior of the Amazon region in order to reduce mortality and maximize the profit. The methodology designated for the construction of this research was based on the nature of applied research, with a view to the qualitative-quantitative approach, through technical procedures of a case study. After assembly of the semi-automated system for feeding, adding the total savings for feed consumption would be 1964.20 kg of feed, in reais it would be R$ 7,856.80. And for the ambiance system, we have savings on the energy bill of 60.94 reais a month and 731.31 reais a year. The semi-automated systems suggested for small poultry farmers in the Amazon region theoretically fulfill their objective, both for the improvement of waste and for the provision of animal welfare and increased profitability.

Analysis of the environmental impact generated by backyard swine production in Tepetlán, Veracruz, Mexico

Objective: To identify and estimate waste production, water consumption and production practices of backyard swine farms at the municipality of Tepetlán; Veracruz, Mexico, to foresee the possible influences on the environment and generate information that promotes new public environmental policies adapted to small producers.Methodology: 36 backyard livestock production units were identified and studied in Vicente Guerrero and Alto Tío Diego by a census in which structured surveys were applied to obtain data; the results were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The maximum pollutant potential of the load with the installed infrastructure was estimated.Results: We registered 503 swine heads of diverse zootechnical functions, mainly from the Landrace breed, in 36 studied farms, 54.7% of idle infrastructure was identified. We found that about three tons of excreta are produced per day between the towns of Vicente Guerrero and Alto Tío Diego, from which 78% are dumped into the municipal drainage. The average water consumption per unit of livestock production was 132.2 Land for each unit of animal population 28.5 L, with a standard deviation of 32.2 L per animal population unit. This research also provides information on the feeding and production practices of the animals. It was possible to estimate the volume of swine excreta generated in the assessed localities. However, it is necessary to quantify organic matter, nitrogenous products, phosphorus, and total and fecal coliforms.Conclusions: It is important to quantify and regulate the generated waste by this livestock activity, to take corrective and regulatory decisions, to establish solutions that protect natural resources without harming the economy of the small producer.

Analysis of the Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Value Chain in the State of Veracruz Rural Aquaculture for the Small Producer

Objective: To analyze the importance of the aquaculture value chain links in the state of Veracruz, Mexico, especially those of production and marketing. Methodology: The information was obtained in the six main tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) production regions in the state of Veracruz through poles based in a questionnaire that addresses key informants; variables related to each link and chain agent were considered; five juvenile producers, 41 tilapia producers and 12 marketers. Results: A fish farming value chain map was generated with the description of distribution channels, production cost estimation and sales income, as well as the participation of producers in demand. Implications: The implementation of integrative models is required in order to have a constant supply of inputs from suppliers in farms. Also, associative models that allow accessing markets in units where the high payment availability for the product should be developed. Conclusions: Chain economic agents are related. Upon meeting the quality and performance required by marketers, there is potential to develop value aggregation strategies through associativity models, linked to service businesses such as restaurants

Distributional Weights in Benefit-Cost Analysis: Examples from Rwanda and Uganda

The question of how to allocate scarce agricultural research and development dollars is significant for developing countries. Historically, benefit/cost analysis has been the standard for comparing the relative benefits of alternative investments. We examine the potential of shifting the implicit equal weights approach to benefit/cost analysis, as well as how a systematic variation in welfare weights may affect different groups important to policy makers. For example, in the case of Rwandan coffee, a shift in the welfare weights that would favor small coffee producers in Rwanda over foreign consumers of Rwandan coffee would increase the support for investments in small producer coffee projects. Generally, changes in welfare weights alter the ordering for selecting investments across alternative projects.

Investment Scenarios in the Clonal Conilon Coffee Planting with an Irrigated System: A Study in a City from Rondônia, Brazil

This article aims to analyze the financial feasibility of implementing a clonal conilon coffee crop in the State of Rondônia. For this, a research with quantitative procedures was carried out, having as a locus of research a property in the municipality of Nova Brasilândia D’Oeste, interior of the state of Rondônia (Brazil). Based on the assumption that investments are made to generate value for the investor, the expenses incurred and estimates of future expenses were measured, with two scenarios, the first with the presence of the plague (scale) and the second without the presence of the same. Therefore, it became possible to analyze the valuation methods through the projections of Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return and Payback. With these results, an analysis of the financial viability of the crop in question was carried out, which demonstrated a significant expense in the first years for the small producer, having a return from the fifth year on, proving to be financially viable and advantageous.

Revisiting the tax treatment of bidis in India

BackgroundBidi use remains an intractable public health problem for India. This is partly due to the informal nature of the bidi supply chain, including tax exemptions for small producers. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of making all bidis subject to duty and Goods and Services Tax. Although this may require legislative changes and incur some extra administrative costs, the net benefits would include greater oversight of the supply chain as well as increased tax revenues and reduced consumption.MethodsWe use a form of gap analysis (the difference between duty paid and total bidi consumption) to estimate the number of tax-exempt bidis. We then use local evidence on the price elasticity of demand for bidis to assess the impact of eliminating these exemptions on the price and consumption of presently tax-exempt bidis.FindingsTotal bidi consumption is estimated at 400 billion sticks per annum, including 275 billion duty paid sticks and 125 billion duty exempt sticks. Removing the small producer exemptions would increase the price of currently exempt bidis by INR4.6/pack. Total bidi consumption would decrease by 6% and the number of smokers would decrease by 2.2 million adults. This would bring the rate of bidi smoking down from 7.7% to 7.5%, while generating INR14.8 billion in tax revenues.ConclusionsEliminating India’s tax exemptions for small bidis producers would make a significant contribution to tobacco control, both directly by reducing the number of smokers and indirectly by plugging a loophole in the supply chain.

IMPACTS OF SARS-COV-2 ON BRAZILIAN AGRIBUSINESS

The pandemic caused by the Sars-Cov-2 virus has impacted several sectors of the world's economy including agribusiness. In Brazil, the quarantine decreed by political leaders in order to contain the spread of Covid-19 mainly affected the productive sectors of the medium and small producer, which ended up reflecting directly on the price of food of the final consumer. Sectors such as transportation, distribution and agro-industry should also present a deficit because they are productive activities with agglomerations of people who have had their work regimes changed. However, the extensive production sector benefited from the rising dollar and increased demand for food and exports from China, and this demand may extend in the medium and long term. There is a great possibility that agribusiness will be the sector with the largest surplus in the Brazilian economy in the coming years and be responsible for balancing the trade balance in the post-recession period.

Soil Biology in the Ecuadorian Amazon

For many decades the Ecuadorian Amazon has been used as source of resources for cities both at national and international level. These facts had important consequences and environmental impacts, affecting from the smallest living organisms of the soil to the indigenous communities and peoples that inhabit the Amazon rainforest, as well as the flora and fauna biodiversity. With the change in land use, the Amazonian territory has been progressively affected and it is gradually decreasing, leaving behind poor soils.  Production conditions result modified by the implementation of large monocultures and livestock systems, a situation that directly affects soil and soil fauna. For this reason, we considered interesting to study, understand and compare the behavior of building organisms in natural and intervened areas, through sampling, inventories and laboratory analysis with the aim of developing and implementing production systems (chakras, agroforestry or silvopastoral systems), which benefit both the small producer and the ecosystem and life that inhabits it. Since there are no easily available compiled papers regarding the "Soil Biology in the Ecuadorian Amazon" in this work we collect information that allows us to offer a framework on the topics of changes in land use, typology of Amazonian soils and its main inhabitats organisms. All these date let to be considered as evidences of the degree of the health/disturbance of the corresponding soils.